BB AALA Ch20

Question 1

1. The Order Anura in the Class Amphibia refers to what type of animals?

Answer 1

frogs and toads

Question 2

2. The Order Caudata in the Class Amphibia refers to what type of animals?

Answer 2

salamanders

Question 3

3. What is the term used to describe organisms that rely on external heat sources to generate adequate body temperatures for metabolic processes?

Answer 3

poikilothermic

Question 4

4. What temperature range is best for temperate frogs?

Answer 4

20-25 degrees C

Question 5

5. What temperature range is best for tropical frogs?

Answer 5

25-30 degrees C

Question 6

6. What characteristics are unique about the larvae of Xenopus and Ambystoma tigrinum?

Answer 6

They have both gills and lungs

Question 7

7. Which characteristics are unique about the plethodontid salamanders?

Answer 7

They have neither gills nor lungs

Question 8

8. What anatomical feature is responsible for driving respiration in amphibians?

Answer 8

buccopharyngeal cavity

Question 9

9. Caution should be used when intubating amphibains because the trachea of most amphibians is:

Answer 9

short

Question 10

10. What are the two basic types of skin glands in amphibians?

Answer 10

mucous and granular

Question 11

11. What type(s) of substances are secreted by granular glands?

Answer 11

cardiotoxins

neurotoxins

pheromones

Question 12

12. True or False: Amphibains need not be fasted before anesthesia because they cannot vomit.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

13. How long should larger, vertebrate eating amphibians be fasted?

Answer 13

7 days

Question 14

14. What type of anesthesia is preferred for most amphibian species?

Answer 14

Immersion anesthesia

Question 15

15. True or False: Hypothermia is no longer considered an adequate method of anesthesia in amphibians.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

16. What should be considered when handling amphibians?

Answer 16

1) gloves should worn to prevent secreted toxins from affecting the handler
2) gloves should worn to prevent damage to delicate amphibian skin
3) do not hold by the tail because of autonomy - tail breakage

Question 17

17. What is/are unacceptable route(s) of injection in amphibians?

Answer 17

subcutaneous

Question 18

18. Which is the preferred agent for immersion anesthesia?

Answer 18

MS-222

Question 19

19. When dissolved in water, MS-222 creates a(n) _______ solution.

Answer 19

acidic

Question 20

20. How often should stock solutions of MS-222 be changed?

Answer 20

monthly

Question 21

21. How does Benzocaine compare to MS-222?

Answer 21

less soluble in water than MS-222

narrower margin of safety

more potent than MS-222

Question 22

22. True or False: The analgesic properties of clove oil mimic those of MS-222.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

23. True or False: Propofol can induce sedation or light aneshesia, but not a plane of surgical anesthesia.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

24. True or False: Tiletamine-zolazepam is reliable as an anesthetic agent in frogs.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

25. Which species require higher doses of topical isoflurane?

Answer 25

toads

Question 26

26. Concentrations of immersion anesthesia should be _____ in larval than adult amphibians.

Answer 26

lower

Question 27

27. True or False: Depression of motor reflexes associated with administration of opioids and alpha-2 adrenergics in mammals has not been observed in amphibians.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

28. What is the receptor activity of morphine and buprenorphine?

Answer 28

Morphine a true opioid agonist at mu receptor

Buprenorphine is partial mu agonist

Question 29

29. What are the 4 basic behaviors amphibians demonstrate to painful stimuli?

Answer 29

startle

escape

vocalization

rubbing, wiping, biting at the source of pain

Question 30

30. Describe the receptor activity of butorphanol.

Answer 30

partial opiate agonist/antagonist

agonist at kappa and sigma receptors

antagonist at mu receptors