BB Flashcards
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine
the site of the majority of chemical digestion
the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord is
glycine
main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
GABA
the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
glutamate
if you block voltage gated K+ channels…
K+ cannot leave the cell
so the cell stays positive/can’t repolarize
this would prolong the action potential
ATP is a ____ of PFK1 in a ____
an allosteric inhibitor
negative feedback loop
purines:
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
Pure As Gold
bases have two rings
pyrimidines:
cytosine (C)
uracil (U)
thymine (T)
CUT the Py
bases have one ring
this cell type is highly proliferative because it is constantly needing to be replaced
epithelial cells
- skin
- gastrointestinal
describe the bonds in DNA
H bonds between bases (across strands)
phosphodiester bonds between sugar and phosphate backbone groups (within strand)
isoelectric point
the pH at which the net charge of the amino acid is neutral
acidic amino acids have ___ isoelectric points
LOW
makes sense because if you have to be at a low pH (acidic) to neutralize the charge, the charge was negative
basic amino acids have ___ isoelectric points
HIGH
makes sense because if you have to be at a high pH (basic) to neutralize the charge, the charge was positive
basic amino acids have a ___ charge
positive
why? because they accept a proton (protonated)
acidic amino acids have a ___ charge
negative
why? because they donate their proton (deprotonated)
transcription factors act in the ___
nucleus
duh…that’s where transcription occurs
*that means that they have a nuclear localization sequence (tag telling them to go to the nucleus)
ubiquitination
protein ubiquitin is attached to a protein
can do different things…like mark it for degradation by a proteasome
proteasome
a large, barrel-shaped protein complex that breaks down unwanted proteins in a cell
Cysteine residues contain a ___ that can form covalent bonds called ____ bonds
thiol group
disulfide
*tested on regarding gel electrophoresis
how are disulfide bonds represented in gel electrophoresis?
so under normal conditions: one band
under reducing agent conditions: two bands because the reducing agent breaks the disulfide bonds causing the protein subunits to migrate separately
methylation and histone acetylation are examples of ________ which are…
posttranslational modifications
chemical modifications done to a polypeptide to convert it into mature protein
southern blot:
northern blot:
western blot:
DNA
RNA
protein
what do antioxidants do
work to counteract ROS
(highly reactive oxygen molecules with unstable electrons like in the superoxide anion, hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide)
vasopressin increases water permeability of the ___
renal collecting duct
myelin forming cells of the PNS
shwann cells
myelin forming cells of the CNS
oligodendrocytes
a prion is a(n)
infectious protein
protein with defective structure that causes other proteins to misfold
proteins are translated from the __ terminus to the __ terminus
N terminus –> C terminus
for every 1 mole of glucose, there is a net production of __ moles of ATP
2
lysosomes contain ___ for ________
digestive/degradative/hydrolytic enzymes
breaking down parts of the cell
the organelle that serves as the primary microtubule organizing center of a cell is the
centrosome
__ T-cells receive antigens on MHCII on __ cells
__ T-cells receive antigens on MHCI on __ cells
helper, antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
cytotoxic, all nucleated
where do male gametes become motile and capable of fertilization
epididymis
in gel electrophoresis, reducing agents ___ proteins by breaking ____ bonds between ____ residues
break down
disulfide
cysteine
