Bates Chapter 14 - Female Genitalia

Question 1

The paraurethral glands are also called?

Answer 1

Skene’s glands

Question 2

What are the glands that are located posterior to the vestibule?

Answer 2

Bartholin’s glands

Question 3

What is the vaginal surface of the cervix called?

Answer 3

Ectocervix

Question 4

What are the normal cell structures of the os?

Answer 4

Columnar epithelium (surrounds os)
Squamous epithelium (continuous with vaginal lining)

Question 5

During puberty the squamous epithelium replaces the columnar epithelium and creates a new transformation zone that is tested with what test?

Answer 5

Papanicolaou or Pap smear

Question 6

What Latin term refers to the ovaries, tubes and the supporting tissues?

Answer 6

Adnexa

Question 7

What are the two primary functions of the ovaries?

Answer 7

1) The production of ova

2) The secretion of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Question 8

What do you call the cul-de-sac that extends behind the uterus in the parietal peritoneum?

Answer 8

Rectouterine pouch or the pouch of Douglas

Question 9

Which two muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 9

Levator ani and the coccygeus muscles

Question 10

What is the name of the key-like opening in the pelvic diaphragm through which the urethra, vagina, and anorectum pass?

Answer 10

Urogenital (levator) hiatus

Question 11

What is the second supporting structure in the pelvis?

Answer 11

Urogenital diaphragm

Question 12

What structures are part of the urogenital diaphragm?

Answer 12

Ischiocavernosus muscles
Bulbocavernosus muscles
Perineal membrane and body
Anal sphincter

Question 13

The pelvic diaphragm and the urogenital diaphragm make up what structure?

Answer 13

The pelvic floor

Question 14

What do you call the increased vaginal secretions just before menarche?

Answer 14

Leukorrhea

Question 15

To which nodes do the lymph from the vulva and lower vagina drain?

Answer 15

Inguinal nodes

Question 16

What are the common concerns for female genitalia?

Answer 16

1) Menarch, menstruation, menopause, post-menopausal bleeding
2) Pregnancy
3) Vulvovaginal symptoms
4) Sexual orientation and response
5) Pelvic pain (acute or chronic)
6) STIs

Question 17

What is the term for the age at onset of menses?

Answer 17

Menarche

Question 18

What is the term for the absence of menses >12 months and in age 48-55?

Answer 18

Menopause

Question 19

When does post-menopausal bleeding occur?

Answer 19

6 months or more after the cessation of menses

Question 20

What is the term for the absence of menses?

Answer 20

Amenorrhea

Question 21

What is the term for pain with menses?

Answer 21

Dysmenorrhea

Question 22

What do you call a cluster of symptoms that occur 5 days before menses for 3 consecutive cycles?

Answer 22

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 23

What is the term for bleeding between menses or infrequent, excessive, prolonged or post-menopausal bleeding?

Answer 23

Abnormal uterine bleeding

Question 24

What are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 24

Low body weight (malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, stress, chronic illness or hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian dysfunction)

Question 25

What are some causes of abnormal uterine bleeding?

Answer 25

Pregnancy, infection, cancer, polyps, fibroids, bleeding disorders, HRT including contraception

Question 26

What is the term for less than 21-day intervals between menses?

Answer 26

Polymenorrhea

Question 27

What is the term for infrequent bleeding greater than 35 days?

Answer 27

Oligomenorrhea

Question 28

What is the term for prolonged or excessive flow of menses at normal intervals?

Answer 28

Menorrhagia

Question 29

What is the term for uterine bleeding at irregular but frequent intervals?

Answer 29

Metorrhagia

Question 30

GP-TPAL stands for

Answer 30

Gravida, Para - Term, Premature, Abortions, Living | Some may use F instead of T for Full-term

Question 31

What are the most common vulvo-vaginal symptoms?

Answer 31

Discharge and itching

Question 32

What is the term for pain with intercourse?

Answer 32

Dyspareunia

Question 33

What is the term for involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vaginal orifice?

Answer 33

Vaginismus

Question 34

What are some causes of acute pelvic pain?

Answer 34

PID, ruptured ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian torsion, appendicitis

Question 35

What are the two types of cervical cancer?

Answer 35

Squamous cell (80-90%) and adenocarcinoma in glandular cells (10-20%)

Question 36

What is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer?

Answer 36

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV subtypes (16 or 18). These two cause 70% of cancers

Question 37

What are the low-risk HPV subtypes that cause genital warts?

Answer 37

6 and 11

Question 38

What other risk factors are associated with HPV?

Answer 38

1) Failure to get screened 2) Multiple sex partners 3) Smoking 4) Immunosuppression 5) Long term use of oral contraceptives 6) Co-infection with Chlamydia 7) Parity 8) Prior cervical cancer 9) Genetic polymorphisms allowing HPV DNA into cervical cells

Question 39

What drug is used for vaccination for HPV?

Answer 39

Gardisil, given in a three-dose series

Question 40

What are risk factors for ovarian cancer?

Answer 40

Family history of ovarian cancer and BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation

Question 41

Untreated Chlamydia in women leads to:

Answer 41

PID (40%), infertility (20%)

Question 42

What ethnic group has the highest risk for Chlamydia?

Answer 42

African American women and American Indian/Alaskan natives

Question 43

What are the risk factors for STIs?

Answer 43

1) Age < 24 and sexually active 2) Prior infection with STI 3) New or multiple partners 4) Inconsistent condom use 5) Occupational sex work

Question 44

What percentage of people have HIV/AIDS and have not been diagnosed?

Answer 44

25%

Question 45

List the different methods for contraception:

Answer 45

1) Natural (abstinence, withdrawal, lactation) 2) Barrier (condom, diaphragm, cervical cap) 3) Implantable (IUD, subdermal implant) 4) Pharmacological (BCP, spermacide, patch, vag ring) 5) Surgical (TL, trans-surgical sterilization)

Question 46

What are the purposes of the rectovaginal exam?

Answer 46

1) To palpate a retroverted uterus 2) To screen for colorectal cancer in women > 50 3) To assess pelvic pathology