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Health Assessment Exam 2 > Bates Chapter 14 - Female Genitalia > Flashcards

Bates Chapter 14 - Female Genitalia Flashcards

1
Q

The paraurethral glands are also called?

A

Skene’s glands

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2
Q

What are the glands that are located posterior to the vestibule?

A

Bartholin’s glands

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3
Q

What is the vaginal surface of the cervix called?

A

Ectocervix

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4
Q

What are the normal cell structures of the os?

A 
Columnar epithelium (surrounds os)
Squamous epithelium (continuous with vaginal lining)
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5
Q

During puberty the squamous epithelium replaces the columnar epithelium and creates a new transformation zone that is tested with what test?

A

Papanicolaou or Pap smear

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6
Q

What Latin term refers to the ovaries, tubes and the supporting tissues?

A

Adnexa

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7
Q

What are the two primary functions of the ovaries?

A

1) The production of ova

2) The secretion of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

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8
Q

What do you call the cul-de-sac that extends behind the uterus in the parietal peritoneum?

A

Rectouterine pouch or the pouch of Douglas

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9
Q

Which two muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani and the coccygeus muscles

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10
Q

What is the name of the key-like opening in the pelvic diaphragm through which the urethra, vagina, and anorectum pass?

A

Urogenital (levator) hiatus

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11
Q

What is the second supporting structure in the pelvis?

A

Urogenital diaphragm

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12
Q

What structures are part of the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscles
Bulbocavernosus muscles
Perineal membrane and body
Anal sphincter

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13
Q

The pelvic diaphragm and the urogenital diaphragm make up what structure?

A

The pelvic floor

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14
Q

What do you call the increased vaginal secretions just before menarche?

A

Leukorrhea

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15
Q

To which nodes do the lymph from the vulva and lower vagina drain?

A

Inguinal nodes

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16
Q

What are the common concerns for female genitalia?

A

1) Menarch, menstruation, menopause, post-menopausal bleeding
2) Pregnancy
3) Vulvovaginal symptoms
4) Sexual orientation and response
5) Pelvic pain (acute or chronic)
6) STIs

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17
Q

What is the term for the age at onset of menses?

A

Menarche

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18
Q

What is the term for the absence of menses >12 months and in age 48-55?

A

Menopause

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19
Q

When does post-menopausal bleeding occur?

A

6 months or more after the cessation of menses

20
Q

What is the term for the absence of menses?

A

Amenorrhea

21
Q

What is the term for pain with menses?

A

Dysmenorrhea

22
Q

What do you call a cluster of symptoms that occur 5 days before menses for 3 consecutive cycles?

A

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

23
Q

What is the term for bleeding between menses or infrequent, excessive, prolonged or post-menopausal bleeding?

A

Abnormal uterine bleeding

24
Q

What are some causes of secondary amenorrhea?

A

Low body weight (malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, stress, chronic illness or hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian dysfunction)

25
Q

What are some causes of abnormal uterine bleeding?

A

Pregnancy, infection, cancer, polyps, fibroids, bleeding disorders, HRT including contraception

26
Q

What is the term for less than 21-day intervals between menses?

A

Polymenorrhea

27
Q

What is the term for infrequent bleeding greater than 35 days?

A

Oligomenorrhea

28
Q

What is the term for prolonged or excessive flow of menses at normal intervals?

A

Menorrhagia

29
Q

What is the term for uterine bleeding at irregular but frequent intervals?

A

Metorrhagia

30
Q

GP-TPAL stands for

A

Gravida, Para - Term, Premature, Abortions, Living

Some may use F instead of T for Full-term

31
Q

What are the most common vulvo-vaginal symptoms?

A

Discharge and itching

32
Q

What is the term for pain with intercourse?

A

Dyspareunia

33
Q

What is the term for involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vaginal orifice?

A

Vaginismus

34
Q

What are some causes of acute pelvic pain?

A

PID, ruptured ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian torsion, appendicitis

35
Q

What are the two types of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous cell (80-90%) and adenocarcinoma in glandular cells (10-20%)

36
Q

What is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer?

A

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV subtypes (16 or 18). These two cause 70% of cancers

37
Q

What are the low-risk HPV subtypes that cause genital warts?

A

6 and 11

38
Q

What other risk factors are associated with HPV?

A

1) Failure to get screened
2) Multiple sex partners
3) Smoking
4) Immunosuppression
5) Long term use of oral contraceptives
6) Co-infection with Chlamydia
7) Parity
8) Prior cervical cancer
9) Genetic polymorphisms allowing HPV DNA into cervical cells

39
Q

What drug is used for vaccination for HPV?

A

Gardisil, given in a three-dose series

40
Q

What are risk factors for ovarian cancer?

A

Family history of ovarian cancer and BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation

41
Q

Untreated Chlamydia in women leads to:

A

PID (40%), infertility (20%)

42
Q

What ethnic group has the highest risk for Chlamydia?

A

African American women and American Indian/Alaskan natives

43
Q

What are the risk factors for STIs?

A

1) Age < 24 and sexually active
2) Prior infection with STI
3) New or multiple partners
4) Inconsistent condom use
5) Occupational sex work

44
Q

What percentage of people have HIV/AIDS and have not been diagnosed?

A

25%

45
Q

List the different methods for contraception:

A

1) Natural (abstinence, withdrawal, lactation)
2) Barrier (condom, diaphragm, cervical cap)
3) Implantable (IUD, subdermal implant)
4) Pharmacological (BCP, spermacide, patch, vag ring)
5) Surgical (TL, trans-surgical sterilization)

46
Q

What are the purposes of the rectovaginal exam?

A

1) To palpate a retroverted uterus
2) To screen for colorectal cancer in women > 50
3) To assess pelvic pathology

Health Assessment Exam 2 (13 decks)

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