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3 - HNN > Basis of Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Basis of Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neural tube and how does it form

A
  • Neural tube is an embryonic structure that ultimately develops into the brain and nervous system
  • Notochord in mesoderm induces changes to the ectoderm
    • Secretes growth factor which causes ectoderm to invaginate
  • Invagination breaks off from ectoderm and forms the neural tube
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2
Q

Explain the concept of emergence

A
  • Complex behaviour emerges from the interactions of individual relatively simple units
    • Eg. Interactions of water molecules can create a vortex
    • Eg. Interactions of different lobes of the brain can create a human mind
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3
Q

Compare CNS and PNS in terms of regeneration, sophistication, myelination, tumours and immunity

A
  • CNS no regeneration, PNS has regeneration
  • CNS sophisticated, PNS not
  • CNS myelination through oligodendorcytes, PNS through Schwaan cells
  • CNS tumours benign and malignant, PSN benign
  • CNS immunity through microglia, PNS has immune response
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4
Q

Explain immune privilege in CNS

A
  • CNS also shielded from peripheral immune response by immune privilege
    • Do not want inflammation within CNS
  • CNS has immunity through microglia cells
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5
Q

Explain ventral/dorsal and rostral/caudal of the brain

A
  • Rostral front of head, caudal back of head

- In the head, ventral is the inferior brain and dorsal is the superior brain

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6
Q

Point to the different parts of the brain

A

On onenote

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7
Q

State the actions of the midbrain

A

Eye movements and reflex responses to sound and vision

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8
Q

State the actions of pons

A

Feeding, sleep

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9
Q

State the role of medulla

A
  • Cardiovascular and respiratory centres
  • Contains major motor pathway - medullary pyramids
  • Life-threatening if damaged
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10
Q

Explain the concept of decussation

A
  • Fibres cross from 1 hemisphere to opposite side
  • Occurs at the medullary pyramid
  • Body is controlled by contralateral side of the brain
  • Exception is cerebellum where left side controls ipsilateral side of body and vice versa
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11
Q

Define sulcus

A

A groove in the brain separating adjacent gyri

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12
Q

Define gyrus

A
  • A ridge of fold in the brain

- Increases surface area that is able to fit into skull

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13
Q

Define fissure

A

Large crack or split between adjacent large areas of the brain

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14
Q

Describe the actions of each lobe of the brain

A
  • Frontal lobe - higher cognition, motor function, speech
  • Parietal lobe - sensation, spatial awareness
    • (In CNS, motor function always anterior and sensory function always posterior)
  • Temporal lobe - memory, smell, hearing
  • Occipital lobe - vision
  • Cerebellum - coordination and motor learning
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15
Q

What is the optic chiasm

A

Site where fibres in the visual system cross over

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16
Q

What is the uncus

A
  • Part of the temporal lobe that can herniate and compress the midbrain when intracranial pressure increases
  • Located on the inside of the temporal lobe
17
Q

What are the medullary pyraminds

A

Location of descending motor fibres

18
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

19
Q

What is the thalamus

A

Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

20
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Essential center for homeostasis

21
Q

State the actions of cerebellym and what happens if it becomes damaged

A
  • Involved in coordination of motor function, posture and balance
  • Damage leads to poor motor control of ipsilateral side
    • No problem with strength of muscles, just fine-tuning movements
  • Alcohol affects cerebellum
22
Q

What does the forebrain consist of

A

Consists of cerebrum and diencephalon (hypothalamus, thymus)

23
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla

24
Q

What forms the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

25
Q

Where are functional areas of the cortex located

A
  • Primary motor cortex - pre-central gyrus
  • Primary somatosensory cortex - post-central gyrus
  • Primary visual cortex - occipital pole
  • Primary auditory cortex - where lateral fissure meets central sulcus
  • Primary olfactory cortex - uncus of temporal lobe
26
Q

State the locations of the main fissures and sulci in the brain

A
  • Central sulcus - splits frontal and parietal lobe
  • Lateral fissure - separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobe
  • Longitudinal fissure - splits the 2 hemispheres
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus - splits paretal and occipital lobes (seen better from the inside)
  • Calcarine sulcus - from parieto-occipital sulcus to occipital pole on medial aspect of brain
27
Q

What forms the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland and stalk

3 - HNN (15 decks)

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