Basis For Pharmacological Experiments and Intro Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The science that deals with the study of drugs - discovery of new ones, actions of existing ones. It involves the design and conduct of scientific experiments to achieve this.

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2
Q

What is the aim of Pharmacology?

A

To determine the therapeutic agents suitable for human/animal use (what), their mechanisms of action (how), site of activity (where) and toxicity.

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

It deals with the absorption, distribution and elimination of drugs. Basically, the fate of the drug as a result of its presence in the body.

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4
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The effects of drugs on the body

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5
Q

Pre-clinical experiments

A

The use of animals for pharmacological experiments

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6
Q

Clinical experiments

A

Use of human patients for pharmacological experiments

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7
Q

In-vivo experiments

A

‘Within the living’

The use of whole, intact animals in-situ in experiments

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8
Q

In-vitro experiments

A

‘Within the glass’

The use of isolated organs or tissues in controlled experiments (like test tubes and petri dishes) outside the body

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9
Q

Why are animals used in pharmacological experiments as tools?

A

Similarities in structures to human structures

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10
Q

Which alternatives are used for animals in pharmacological experiments?

A

Computer Models

Cell Cultures

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11
Q

In-silico experiments

A

Pharmacological experiments performed using computers or computer simulations

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12
Q

Apparatus used in Pharmacological experiments

A
Eddy’s hot plate
Microscopes 
Centrifuge
Student’s organ bath
Convulsiometer
Lagendroff Assembly
Spectrophotometer
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13
Q

Eddy’s hot plate

A

To test the effectiveness of analgesics by reaction to thermal pain

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14
Q

Convulsiometer

A

To screen anti-convulsants

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15
Q

Lagendroff Assembly

A

For studying drug effects on isolated mammalian heart

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16
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

To measure the amount of light absorbed by a sample

17
Q

When did pharmacology actually begin?

A

The late 18th or early 19th century when scientific experiments were designed

18
Q

Sources of drugs

A
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Microorganisms
Chemical syntheses
19
Q

What is a side effect?

A

A secondary effect caused by a drug when it is used at the therapeutic drug level. It may be harmful or beneficial but is not the intended effect for which the drug is used

20
Q

Divisions of pharmacology

A
Clinical pharmacology
Neuropharmacology
Systemic pharmacology
Chemotherapy
Pharmacogenetics 
Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacogenomics
21
Q

Ways through which drugs are named

A

Codes - at investigatory level
Chemical name - because the drug is a chemical
Non-proprietary name - Found in pharmacopoeia
Proprietary/Trademark/Trade name - Given my manufacturer