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Critical Thinking - Medical Terminology > Basics to Nervous System > Flashcards

Basics to Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

myo

A

muscle

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2
Q

card

A

heart

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3
Q

itis

A

inflammation

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4
Q

osis

A

abnormal condition

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5
Q

ectomy

A

to cut out (remove)

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6
Q

otomy

A

to cut into

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7
Q

ostomy

A

to make a “mouth”

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8
Q

a/an

A

without/none

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9
Q

micro

A

small

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10
Q

macro

A

large

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11
Q

mega/megaly

A

enlarged

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12
Q

scopy/scopic

A

to look, observe

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13
Q

graphy/graph

A

recording an image

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14
Q

gram

A

the image (X-ray)

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15
Q

ology/ologist

A

study, specialize in

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16
Q

stomato

A

mouth

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17
Q

dneto

A

teeth

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18
Q

glosso/linguo

A

tongue

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19
Q

gigivo

A

gums

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20
Q

encephalo

A

brain

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21
Q

gastro

A

stomach

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22
Q

entero

A

intestine

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23
Q

colo

A

large intestine

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24
Q

procto

A

anus/rectum

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25
Q

hepato

A

liver

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26
Q

nephro/rene

A

kidney

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27
Q

oochido

A

testies

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28
Q

oophoro

A

ovary

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29
Q

hystero/metro

A

uterus

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30
Q

salpingo

A

uterine tubes

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31
Q

demo

A

skin

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32
Q

masto/mammo

A

breast

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33
Q

osteo

A

bones

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34
Q

cardio

A

heart

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35
Q

cysto

A

bladder

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36
Q

rhino

A

nose

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37
Q

phlebo/veno

A

veins

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38
Q

pneumo/pulmo

A

lung

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39
Q

hemo/emia

A

blood

40
Q

leuk/o

A

white

41
Q

melan/o

A

black

42
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

43
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

44
Q

oma

A

swelling

45
Q

aden/o

A

gland

46
Q

lipo/a

A

fat

47
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph tissue

48
Q

carcin/o

A

malignant

49
Q

osteo

A

bone

50
Q

endo

A

within, inside of

51
Q

peri

A

around

52
Q

circum

A

around

53
Q

retro

A

behind

54
Q

epi

A

upon, on top

55
Q

trans

A

through

56
Q

intra

A

within

57
Q

sub

A

below

58
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

59
Q

brady/tachy

A

slow/fast

60
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

61
Q

veno/phlebo

A

vein

62
Q

stasis

A

to stop

63
Q

cyte

A

cell

64
Q

hem/o, emia

A

blood

65
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the fatty stuff. high fat diets can lead to formation of fatty plaques lining blood vessels which can lead to hardening of the arteries. When blood vessels become less stretchable, blood pressure rises and can result in heart and kidney damage and strokes

66
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

infarction is the blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. The blockage occurs in one of the arteries of the heart muscle itself, a coronary artery.

67
Q

Mitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation

A

The left valve of the heart (atrioventricular) is also called the mitral valve. If the flap tears away due to disease it is called prolapse “a falling forward” which results in leakage and backward flow called regurgitation. If a valve is abnormally narrow this is called stenosis.

68
Q

Angina pectoris

A

pain in the chest, pain associated with the heart which causes shortness of breath, fatigue and nausea. this indicates not enough blood is getting to the heart of the muscle

69
Q

Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rates which could mean no rhythm of abnormal rhythm.

70
Q

ischemia

A

sometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow and the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle which has a very high metabolic rate and oxygen demand. this term means “not enough blood”

71
Q

cardiologist

A

specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system and especially the heart

72
Q

hematologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the blood

73
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

a printout recording of the electrical ctivitvey of the heart

74
Q

echocardiography

A

using ultra high frequency sound waves, similar to “sonar” to form an image of the inside of the heart. this procedure can demonstrate valve damage, congenital defects and other abnormalities.

75
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

long hollow tube, a catheter, can be threaded into an artery up into the heart. Then material opaque to X-rays can be released into the blood flow through the heart imaging the details of coronary arteries. This is used to identify a blockage and location in the coronary circulation .

76
Q

Phlebotomist/venipuncturist

A

specially trained nurse or tech that draw blood for lab tests and may also start IV’s

77
Q

Encephal/o

A

inside the head (brain)

78
Q

mening/o

A

membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

myeloma/o

A

spinal cord

80
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

81
Q

dys

A

difficult, painful, abnormal

82
Q

-cele

A

hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position

83
Q

-pathy

A

disease, abnormality

84
Q

-plasia

A

development, formation, growth

85
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

86
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

“many hardenings” disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the CNS. The loss of insulation allows “short circuiting” of nerve impulses Patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness.

87
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke, blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding or a close may arise in the brain blood vessel (a thrombus) or elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen. depending on the area of the brain, patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.

88
Q

Transient Ischemic Attach (TIA)

A

“Ischemia” was introduces previously in the circulatory diseases module referring to the heart. it means not quite enough blood. a short insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, partial loss of vision, but problem lasts less than 24 hours. people who get TIA have increased risk of stroke in the future.

89
Q

Epilepsy

A

sezire, or convulsions. not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and typically have no permanent aftereffects. This is a condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, last longer and recur with some frequency. Condition can be controlled with medication or surgery.

90
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of speech. The speech centers are located on the left side of the brain so if someone suffers a CVA, or brain injury, and it involves the left side of the brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum of problems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and with difficulty, or complete loss of speech. This injury involves the motor speech area. The second speech area, enables us to understand speech, so they can still speak but they do not understand what they are hearing.

91
Q

Neurologist

A

physician specializing in diseases of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

92
Q

Lumbar (spinal) puncture or tap(LP)

A

introducing a needle between the lower bony vertebrae of our spinal column allows a physician to sample the fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) , surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Lab tests on the fluid are used for diagnostic purposes such as presence of bacteria in meningitis, special proteins in multiple sclerosis, or blood cells.

93
Q

Brain scan

A

introducing a radioactive element into the blood can image possible tumors in the brain.

94
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

image of the brains electrical activity, used to diagnose different types of seizure disorders such as epilepsy, brain tumors, and are used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep.

95
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

specialized X-ray machine that takes multiple images into slices of the body. The resolution is much better than standard X-rays and there is better differentiation of types of tissue

96
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

The patients body is placed in a strong magnetic field. Radio pulses affect the resonance or spin of atoms in the tissues. A computer analyzes this information to show subtle differences in tissue molecular structure producing very high resolution and better differentiation of soft tissue, such as tumor within the liver.

Critical Thinking - Medical Terminology (4 decks)

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