Basics to Nervous System Flashcards
myo
muscle
card
heart
itis
inflammation
osis
abnormal condition
ectomy
to cut out (remove)
otomy
to cut into
ostomy
to make a “mouth”
a/an
without/none
micro
small
macro
large
mega/megaly
enlarged
scopy/scopic
to look, observe
graphy/graph
recording an image
gram
the image (X-ray)
ology/ologist
study, specialize in
stomato
mouth
dneto
teeth
glosso/linguo
tongue
gigivo
gums
encephalo
brain
gastro
stomach
entero
intestine
colo
large intestine
procto
anus/rectum
hepato
liver
nephro/rene
kidney
oochido
testies
oophoro
ovary
hystero/metro
uterus
salpingo
uterine tubes
demo
skin
masto/mammo
breast
osteo
bones
cardio
heart
cysto
bladder
rhino
nose
phlebo/veno
veins
pneumo/pulmo
lung
hemo/emia
blood
leuk/o
white
melan/o
black
cyan/o
blue
xanth/o
yellow
oma
swelling
aden/o
gland
lipo/a
fat
lymph/o
lymph tissue
carcin/o
malignant
osteo
bone
endo
within, inside of
peri
around
circum
around
retro
behind
epi
upon, on top
trans
through
intra
within
sub
below
cardi/o
heart
brady/tachy
slow/fast
angi/o
vessel
veno/phlebo
vein
stasis
to stop
cyte
cell
hem/o, emia
blood
Atherosclerosis
hardening of the fatty stuff. high fat diets can lead to formation of fatty plaques lining blood vessels which can lead to hardening of the arteries. When blood vessels become less stretchable, blood pressure rises and can result in heart and kidney damage and strokes
Myocardial infarction (MI)
infarction is the blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. The blockage occurs in one of the arteries of the heart muscle itself, a coronary artery.
Mitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation
The left valve of the heart (atrioventricular) is also called the mitral valve. If the flap tears away due to disease it is called prolapse “a falling forward” which results in leakage and backward flow called regurgitation. If a valve is abnormally narrow this is called stenosis.
Angina pectoris
pain in the chest, pain associated with the heart which causes shortness of breath, fatigue and nausea. this indicates not enough blood is getting to the heart of the muscle
Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rates which could mean no rhythm of abnormal rhythm.
ischemia
sometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow and the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle which has a very high metabolic rate and oxygen demand. this term means “not enough blood”
cardiologist
specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system and especially the heart
hematologist
a physician specializing in diseases of the blood
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
a printout recording of the electrical ctivitvey of the heart
echocardiography
using ultra high frequency sound waves, similar to “sonar” to form an image of the inside of the heart. this procedure can demonstrate valve damage, congenital defects and other abnormalities.
cardiac catheterization
long hollow tube, a catheter, can be threaded into an artery up into the heart. Then material opaque to X-rays can be released into the blood flow through the heart imaging the details of coronary arteries. This is used to identify a blockage and location in the coronary circulation .
Phlebotomist/venipuncturist
specially trained nurse or tech that draw blood for lab tests and may also start IV’s
Encephal/o
inside the head (brain)
mening/o
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
myeloma/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
dys
difficult, painful, abnormal
-cele
hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position
-pathy
disease, abnormality
-plasia
development, formation, growth
-plegia
paralysis
Multiple Sclerosis
“many hardenings” disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the CNS. The loss of insulation allows “short circuiting” of nerve impulses Patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke, blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding or a close may arise in the brain blood vessel (a thrombus) or elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen. depending on the area of the brain, patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.
Transient Ischemic Attach (TIA)
“Ischemia” was introduces previously in the circulatory diseases module referring to the heart. it means not quite enough blood. a short insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, partial loss of vision, but problem lasts less than 24 hours. people who get TIA have increased risk of stroke in the future.
Epilepsy
sezire, or convulsions. not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and typically have no permanent aftereffects. This is a condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, last longer and recur with some frequency. Condition can be controlled with medication or surgery.
Aphasia
loss of speech. The speech centers are located on the left side of the brain so if someone suffers a CVA, or brain injury, and it involves the left side of the brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum of problems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and with difficulty, or complete loss of speech. This injury involves the motor speech area. The second speech area, enables us to understand speech, so they can still speak but they do not understand what they are hearing.
Neurologist
physician specializing in diseases of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Lumbar (spinal) puncture or tap(LP)
introducing a needle between the lower bony vertebrae of our spinal column allows a physician to sample the fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) , surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Lab tests on the fluid are used for diagnostic purposes such as presence of bacteria in meningitis, special proteins in multiple sclerosis, or blood cells.
Brain scan
introducing a radioactive element into the blood can image possible tumors in the brain.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
image of the brains electrical activity, used to diagnose different types of seizure disorders such as epilepsy, brain tumors, and are used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep.
Computed tomography (CT)
specialized X-ray machine that takes multiple images into slices of the body. The resolution is much better than standard X-rays and there is better differentiation of types of tissue
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
The patients body is placed in a strong magnetic field. Radio pulses affect the resonance or spin of atoms in the tissues. A computer analyzes this information to show subtle differences in tissue molecular structure producing very high resolution and better differentiation of soft tissue, such as tumor within the liver.
