Basics of phoniatrics Flashcards
Deficits in language have far-reaching and lifealtering consequences, including
decreased reading ability,
lower academic achievement,
and limited career choices
critical periods for speech and language development in infants and young children when the brain is best able to absorb language
The first three years of life, when the brain is developing and maturing, are the most intensive and rich with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure to the speech and language of others
most common cause of delayed communication development
Hearing loss
Children with hearing loss have been shown to experience substantial delays in their mastery of all aspects of communication,name them
Deficiencies in vocabulary, grammar, concepts, pragmatics and speech intelligibility h
Speech disorder
“normal” speech is disrupted
. A language disorder is a disorder that involves the processing of linguistic information
The components of speech
phonation,
resonance,
fluency,
intonation
and voice
The components of language include
phonology (manipulating sound according to the rules of a language),
morphology (understanding and using minimal units of meaning),
syntax (constructing sentences by using grammar rules),
meaning and pragmatics (social aspects of communication).
A speech disorder is present when
A person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice
Examples of speech d/os
Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders, and stuttering
The known causes of speech disorders
Hearing loss,
neurological disorders,
brain injury,
intellectual disability,
drug abuse, and
physical impairments (cleft lip and palate)
Childhood apraxia of speech
motor speech disorder, concerning problems saying sounds, syllables, and words;
the brain has problems planning to move the lips, jaw or tongue, needed for speech, and the child knows what he or she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words.
Apraxia
may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word; production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort
Dysarthria
weakness or paralysis of speech muscles — is often caused by damage to the nerves and/or brain, which is often caused by strokes,
Parkinson’s disease,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
head or neck injuries,
surgical accidents, or
cerebral palsy
Speech sound disorders
difficulty in producing specific speech sounds, most often consonants “s” and “r”, and are subdivided into articulation disorders and phonemic disorders
Articulation disorders or phonetic disorder
are characterised by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically
