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MBBS 3: Surgery > Basics of Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Basics of Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

Define allograft bone?

A

Bone from human donor other than patient

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2
Q

Define reduction?

A

Maneuver to restore proper alignment to fracture or joint

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3
Q

Define closed reduction?

A

Reduction done without surgery
e.g., casts, splints

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4
Q

Define open reduction?

A

Surgical reduction

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5
Q

Define fixation?

A

Stabilization of a fracture after reduction by means of surgical placement of
hardware that can be external or internal
e.g., pins, plates, screws

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6
Q

What is a tibial pin?

A

Pin placed in the tibia for treating femur or pelvic fractures by applying skeletal traction

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7
Q

What is an unstable fracture or dislocation?

A

Fracture or dislocation in which further deformation will occur if reduction is not performed

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8
Q

What is varus deformity?

A

Extremity abnormality with apex of defect pointed away from midline
e.g. genu varum = bowlegged
Note: with valgus, this term can also be used to describe fracture displacement
(Think: knees are very varied apart)

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9
Q

What is a valgus deformity?

A

Extremity abnormality with apex of defect pointed toward the midline
e.g. genu valgus = knock-kneed

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10
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Total loss of congruity (no part of the articular surfaces of the bones contributing to the joint are touching each other) and contact between articular surfaces of a joint

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11
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Loss of congruity between articular surfaces of a joint; articular contact remains

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12
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

total joint replacement

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13
Q

What is arthrodesis?

A

Joint fusion with removal of articular surfaces

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14
Q

What is an osteotomy?

A

Cutting bone (usually wedge resection) to help realigning of joint surfaces

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15
Q

What is non-union?

A

Failure of fractured bone ends to fuse

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16
Q

Define diaphysis?

A

main shaft of long bone

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17
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

flared end of long bone

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18
Q

What is physis?

A

Growth plate, found only in immature bone

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19
Q

What is an epiphysis?

A

the end of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft

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20
Q

Define extremity examination in fractured extremities?

A
  1. Observe entire extremity
    e.g. open, angulation, joint disruption
  2. Neurologic
    e.g. sensation, movement
  3. Vascular
    e.g. pulses, cap refill
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21
Q

Which x-rays should be obtained?

A

Two views (also joint above and below fracture)
1. full front view
2. lateral view

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22
Q

How are fractures described?

A
  1. Skin status
    - open or closed
  2. Bone
    by thirds: proximal/middle/distal
  3. Pattern of fracture
    e.g. comminuted
  4. Alignment
    - displacement, angulation, malrotation, shortening
23
Q

How do you define the degree of angulation, displacement, or both?

A

Define lateral/medial/anterior/posterior displacement and angulation of the distal fragment(s) in relation to the proximal bone

24
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

Wound overlying fracture, through which fracture fragments are in continuity with outside environment; high risk of infection

25
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

One fracture line, two bone fragments

26
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Results in more than two bone fragments
a.k.a. “fragmentation”

27
Q

What is a segmental fracture?

A

Two complete fractures with a “segment” in between

28
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Fracture line creates an oblique angle with long axis of bone
Note: >30 degrees

29
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

Severe oblique fracture in which fracture plane rotates along the long axis of bone
- caused by a twisting injury

30
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

Fracture resulting from compressive force
- end of bone is driven into contiguous metaphyseal region without displacement

31
Q

What is a pathologic fracture?

A

Fracture through abnormal bone
e.g., tumor-laden or osteoporotic bone

32
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

Fracture in normal bone from cyclic loading on bone
- a break that occurs from repetitive motion or strain

33
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Incomplete fracture in which cortex on only one side is disrupted
- seen in children

34
Q

What is a torus fracture?

A

Impaction injury in children in which cortex is buckled but not disrupted
(a.k.a. “buckle fracture”)

35
Q

Avulsion fracture?

A

Fracture in which tendon is pulled from bone, carrying with it a bone chip

36
Q

Periarticular fracture?

A

Fracture close to but not involving the joint
Note: can heal through secondary bone healing

37
Q

Intra-articular fracture?

A

Fracture through the articular surface of a bone
- usually requires ORIF: open reduction and internal fixation
Note: requires healing through primary bone healing

38
Q

Nightstick fracture?

A

ulnar fracture

39
Q

Transcervical fracture?

A

Fracture through the neck of the femur

40
Q

Tibial plateau fracture?

A

Intra-articular fracture of the proximal tibia (the plateau is the flared proximal end)

41
Q

Monteggia fracture?

A

Fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with dislocation of the radial head
- more common in children and rare in adults

42
Q

Galeazzi fracture?

A

Fracture of the radius at the junction of the middle and distal thirds accompanied by disruption of the distal radioulnar joint
- fall on outstretched hand

43
Q

Tibial “plateau” fracture?

A

Proximal tibial fracture

44
Q

Pott’s fracture?

A

Fracture of distal fibula

45
Q

Whats Pott’s disease?

A

Tuberculosis of the spine

46
Q

What classifies an orthopedic patient?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Tumours
  3. Infections
  4. Joint diseases
  5. Metabolic diseases
  6. Congenital abnormality
47
Q

What does orthopedics do?

A
  1. Restoring function to patients
  2. Maximising function
  3. Team approach
48
Q

Whats important to note in trauma?

A

Mechanism of injury
1. Time of accident
2. Other casualties - assess severity of the accident
3. Other injuries

49
Q

Important things to note in history taking?

A
  1. Occupation of patient
  2. Handedness
  3. Past medical history
50
Q

What is to note under pain in history taking?

A
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Duration
  4. Exacerbating and relieving factors
  5. Functional limitation
51
Q

Examination?

A
  1. Look
  2. Feel
  3. Move
52
Q

Look? (Orthopedic exam)

A
  1. Gait
  2. Function
  3. Posture
  4. Muscle wasting
  5. Deformity
  6. Swelling
  7. Colour of skin
  8. Old scars, sinuses
53
Q

Feel?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Tenderness
  3. Mass/ swelling (all the characteristics)
  4. Joint effusions

MBBS 3: Surgery (42 decks)

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