Basics of Lipids

Question 1

Name the 4 types of plasma lipids

Answer 1

Free fatty acids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids

Question 2

Where are plasma lipoproteins synthesized?

Answer 2

Liver

Small bower

Question 3

What are apolipoproteins?

Answer 3

The protein component of plasma lipoproteins

Question 4

2 functions of apolipoproteins

Answer 4

Recognised by membrane receptors

Act as co-factors/enzyme activators

Question 5

What lipoprotein causes turbid serum in high concentration?

Answer 5

Chylomicons

Question 6

Function of chylomicons

Answer 6

Transports exogenous triglycerides from GIT to rest of body

Question 7

Function of VLDL

Answer 7

Transports endogenously formed triglyceride from liver to extra-hepatic cells for storage or as enegy source

Question 8

Function of LDL

Answer 8

Main Cholesterol transporter to peripheral tissues

Question 9

Function of HDL

Answer 9

Transports cholesterol from tissue to liver for excretion

Question 10

Increased levels of lipoprotein(a) is associated with?

Answer 10

Increased risk of coronary artery disease

Question 11

Function of capillary wall enzyme, Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)

Answer 11

Hydrolises triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 12

Function of Hormone Sensitive Lipase (in fasting state)

Answer 12

Hydrolizes fatty tissue triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids for energy or to be converted in the liver to triglycerides

Question 13

What happens to hepatic cholesterol?

Answer 13

Excreted in bile

Exported as VLDL

Question 14

Lab investigations to check lipids

Answer 14

Lipogram
Lipoprotein (a)
Lipid electrophoresis

Question 15

Hyperlipidaemia in tendons

Answer 15

Xantomata - esp in achilles in familial hypercholesterolaemia

Question 16

Hyperlipidaemia in the cornea

Answer 16

Corneal Arcus

Question 17

Hyperlipidaemia in subcutaneous tissue

Answer 17

Xantomata

Xantelasma (under peri-orbital skin)

Question 18

Hyperlipidaemia in arterial walls

Answer 18

Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease

Question 19

Causes of Primary Hyperlipidaemia

Answer 19

Familial hypertriglyceridaemia
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
Familial combined hyperlipidaemia

Question 20

Causes of Familial Hypertriglyceridaemia

Answer 20

Deficiency of LPL (1)

Increased synthesis of VLDL (4)

Question 21

Causes of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia

Answer 21

LDL Receptor defect (2a)

Question 22

Causes of Familial combined hyperlipidaemia

Answer 22

Accumulation of IDL (deficiency of ApoE)

Question 23

What cause secondary hyperlipidaemia?

Answer 23

Increased cholesterol
Increased triglycerides
Both above increased

Question 24

What conditions cause an increase in cholesterol?

Answer 24

Hypothyroidism
Nephrotic syndrome
Obstructive jaundice

Question 25

What conditions cause an increase in triglycerides?

Answer 25

Diabetes mellitus
Alcoholism
Obesity
Renal failure
Estrogen therapy
Drugs such as ß-blockers and corticosteroids

Question 26

What conditions cause an increase in both cholesterol and triglycerides?

Answer 26

Diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Nephrotic syndrome
Renal failure
Tiazide diuretics