Basics (ch. 1 and 2)

Question 0

What are some reasons for the epidemiological transition?

Answer 0

aging of society; industrialization; advent of antibiotics

Question 1

Give an example of epidemiological transitions

Answer 1

The chief cause of death changed from 1900 to 1998 from flu to heart disease.

Question 2

Who are Doll and Hill?

Answer 2

1950: They used a case-control design to describe and test the association between smoking and lung cancer.

Question 3

What is genetic epidemiology?

Answer 3

A study of the genetic basis of disease and it identifies inherited factors that influence the risk of disease; important in cancer research

Question 4

What is molecular epidemiology?

Answer 4

It uses molecular markers to establish exposure-disease relationships; better for strong data.

Question 5

What are some factors of globalization of diseases?

Answer 5

1) It is caused by air travel and can cause re-emergence of infectious diseases.
2) It brings about a concern for biologic and chemical weapons and the protection of the public.
3) It can be either infectious or chronic diseases.

Question 6

What are the details of the globalization of SARS?

Answer 6

1) SARS was reported in Asia Feb. 2003
2) SARS spread to North and South America, as well as Europe and other parts of Asia in just a few months.
3) 8,098 became ill and 774 people died from SARS in 2003.

Question 7

Give details of the H1N1 pandemic.

Answer 7

1) First case in US in April 2009.
2) Pandemic declared in June 2009.
3) Vaccine campaign began October 2009 in US
4) Pandemic ended in August 2010

Question 8

When did the CDC open?

Answer 8

1946

Question 9

What is one of the only diseases to have been completely eradicated?

Answer 9

Smallpox! The eradication program launched in 1966 through the CDC. The last known case was in Somalia in 1977, and it was declared eradicated by 1980.

Question 10

When was the first published report of an AIDS case?

Answer 10

1981; published by MMWR

Question 11

What is the CDC’s new name?

Answer 11

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Question 12

What is epidemiology?

Answer 12

the study of the Distribution (who?), Determinants (causes?), and Deterrents (prevention?) of morbidity (disease) and mortality (death) in human populations

Question 13

What is included in the numerator?

Answer 13

of people who have the disease

Question 14

What is included in the denominator?

Answer 14

of people who can get the disease; who is at risk

Question 15

exposures are also known as….

Answer 15

risk factors

Question 16

prevention is also known as….

Answer 16

protective factors

Question 17

What are the essential components of epidemiology?

Answer 17

1) population
2) distribution
3) frequency
4) determinants of disease
5) control
6) human populations

Question 18

Define descriptive epidemiology.

Answer 18

It describes the population; characterizes population; describes occurrence of disease and denominators

Question 19

Define analytic epidemiology.

Answer 19

It looks for an association between a cause and the disease; used in hypothesis testing.

Question 20

Can descriptive epidemiology test hypotheses?

Answer 20

NOPE! What we learn from descriptions of populations can help with analytical epidemiology.

Question 21

What does descriptive epidemiology measure?

Answer 21

It measures the frequency and prevalence (how much does there is in a population) of disease and describes the existing distribution of variables.

Question 22

Describe analytic epidemiology.

Answer 22

It identifies the causes of disease; the goal is to prevent the disease (deterrents)

Question 23

Define risk factor.

Answer 23

A behavior, environmental exposure, or inherent human characteristic that is associated with an important health related condition. (It is NOT the cause of disease, but is associated with an increased probability of disease)

Question 24

What is clinical epidemiology?

Answer 24

It is “evidence based medicine.” It’s the application of epidemiological knowledge and methods to clinical care; patient oriented.
**With public health research, doctors have more studies on which to diagnose their patients.

Question 25

Who is Hippocrates?

Answer 25

He was the first to define epidemiology as epidemic.

**Epidemic is the above-normal levels of disease.

Question 26

What did John Graunt publish?

Answer 26

He published The Nature and Political Observations Made Upon the (Bills of Mortality)
**Graunt is the founder of medical/vital statistics.

Question 27

Who is James Lind?

Answer 27

He treated British soldiers for scurvy; it was the first planned trial. He found that adequate citrus prevented scurvy.

Question 28

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 28

He was the first to use vaccinations; he developed a vaccination for smallpox.

Question 29

William Farr….

Answer 29

is the founder of modern epidemiology. He developed the forerunner of ICD codes, which we still use today.

Question 30

John Snow was the first to…

Answer 30

propose and test a hypothesis! He did tests on the causes of cholera.
Data book: On the Mode of Communication of Cholera

Question 31

What are the 3 basic ethical principles stated in the Belmont Report?

Answer 31

1) Respect for persons
2) Beneficence
3) Justice