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Pharmacology > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

Addresses how various drug forms affect:
Dissolution
Absorption rate
Onset of action

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2
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

Addresses how various drug forms affect:
Dissolution
Absorption rate
Onset of action

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3
Q

Oral Drugs come in what types?

A

Tablets
Capsules
Liquid
Powder that would be inhaled into lungs

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4
Q

Delayed release drug forms?

A 
Enteric coated (EC) 
Extended release (ER)
Extended length (XL)
Sustained release (SR or XR)
Sustained action (SA)
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5
Q

Enteric coated dissolve when?

A

When drug reaches intestine

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6
Q

Extended release works how?

A

releases drug over a period of time

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7
Q

What ways can you administer parenteral drugs?

A

IV
subQ
IM

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8
Q

What is the absorption rate of IV drugs?

A

Immediate and complete

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9
Q

What is the onset of IV drugs?

A

Immediate

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10
Q

What is the absorption rate of subQ or IM?

A

Rapid if highly water soluble and patient has good circulatory system
Slow if poorly water soluble and or circulatory blood flow is slow

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11
Q

What is the onset of subQ or IM?

A

Variable

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12
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug

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13
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of the drug from the site of administration into the circulatory system

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14
Q

What is distribution?

A

movement of the drug by the circulatory system to the site of intention

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15
Q

Where in the body are the highest level of drugs found? Why?

A

Heart, liver, and kidneys

Richest blood supply

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16
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Change that occurs in a drug
to a more or less potent form
to a more soluble form
to an inactive form

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17
Q

Where does most drugs get metabolized?

A

Liver

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18
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

change that occurs in drug’s chemical nature

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19
Q

What is metabolite?

A

The new or altered version of drug (by-product of metabolism)

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20
Q

What is half life

A

Time it takes for drug to decrease in amount by half

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21
Q

What does half life reflect?

A

How quickly and efficiently a drug metabolizes and excretes

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22
Q

What does it mean when a drug has a short half life?

A

Could have to be administered several times a day

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23
Q

What does it mean when a drug has a long half life?

A

Could only have to administer 1xday

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24
Q

What happens to half life if the liver or kidneys have a decrease in their functions?

A

This could increase the half life

These patients could have adverse or overdosing happen to them

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25
Q

What is onset of action?

A

The time it takes the drug to start having a therapeutic response

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26
Q

What is the peak effect?

A

The time it takes a drug to demonstrate its full level of therapeutic effect

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27
Q

What is the duration of action?

A

Length of time the drug’s therapeutic effect lasts

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28
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a drug

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29
Q

What is an agonist?

A

drugs that bind w/ receptor and precipitate greater than typical response

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30
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

drugs that bind with receptor and block response or less than typical response

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31
Q

What is a competitive antagonist?

A

competes with agonist for receptor site

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32
Q

What is noncompetitive antagonist?

A

blocks agonist’s access to receptor site

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33
Q

What is expected pharmacologic action?

A

The action the drug exerts in the body

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34
Q

Many drugs have multiple therapeutic uses. For example Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can be used for What?

A

Allergies (antihistaminic)
Motion sickness (antiemetic)
Hypnotic (sedative)
Treatment of Parkinson’s disease (anticholinergic)

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35
Q

What are side effects?

A

unintended effects that commonly occur and are mild in nature

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36
Q

What are adverse effects?

A

unintended and unexpected effects that are more severe and can be life threatening in nature

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37
Q

What is the most severe adverse effect?

A

Allergic reaction

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38
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A 
exaggerated response of body's immune system to a drug
swelling of eyes face, mouth, throat
difficulty breathing
rapid heart rate
cardiac arrest
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39
Q

What is the treatment of anaphylactic shock?

A
  1. Re-establishment of airway and O2 therapy
  2. Administration of epinephrine to raise bp and dilate bronchi
  3. Administration of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) to block additional release of histamine
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40
Q

When does cumulative drug effects happen?

A
  1. older adults who have decrease in cardiac and kidney function
  2. patients who have liver or kidney disease
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41
Q

When can drug toxicity happen?

A
  1. When patient receives excessive dosages
  2. When impaired excretion of drug allows drug to build up in the body
  3. Drugs with a small margin of safety
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42
Q

Effects of drug toxicity may be irreversible & life threatening. Examples: Vancomycin (Vancocin) and Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

A

Vancomycin - permanent damage to cranial nerve #8 and/or decreased hearing or deafness
Acetaminophen - liver damage or failure

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43
Q

Avoid grapefruit juice when taking what drugs?

A

Sertraline (Zoloft)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
Nifedipine (Procardi)

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44
Q

Avoid dietary tyramine (wine or processed meats) when taking what drugs?

A

Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
**hypertensive crisis

45
Q

Avoid Milk when taking what drug?

A

Tetracycline (Sumycin)

46
Q

Avoid Avocados when taking what drug?

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

47
Q

Avoid high protein meals when taking what drug?

A

Levodopa (Dopar)

48
Q

What should a pregnant woman not take the first semester?

A

Teratongenic drugs

49
Q

What are the 2 categories of drugs a pregnant woman should not take?

A

Cat. D - possible fetal risk

Cat. X - Positive fetal risk

50
Q

What is considered a neonate?

A

birth to 1 month

51
Q

What is considered an infant?

A

1 month to 1 year

52
Q

What is considered a child?

A

1 year +

53
Q

Absorption rates in neonates for IM injections?

A

Delayed absorption

54
Q

Absorption rates in infants/child for IM injections?

A

Increased absorption

55
Q

To avoid toxicity and overdosage in children, what do we need to do?

A

Adjust dosage in relation to

  1. Age
  2. Weight
  3. Body surface area
56
Q

Oral Drugs come in what types?

A

Tablets
Capsules
Liquid
Powder that would be inhaled into lungs

57
Q

Delayed release drug forms?

A 
Enteric coated (EC) 
Extended release (ER)
Extended length (XL)
Sustained release (SR or XR)
Sustained action (SA)
58
Q

Enteric coated dissolve when?

A

When drug reaches intestine

59
Q

Extended release works how?

A

releases drug over a period of time

60
Q

What ways can you administer parenteral drugs?

A

IV
subQ
IM

61
Q

What is the absorption rate of IV drugs?

A

Immediate and complete

62
Q

What is the onset of IV drugs?

A

Immediate

63
Q

What is the absorption rate of subQ or IM?

A

Rapid if highly water soluble and patient has good circulatory system
Slow if poorly water soluble and or circulatory blood flow is slow

64
Q

What is the onset of subQ or IM?

A

Variable

65
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug

66
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of the drug from the site of administration into the circulatory system

67
Q

What is distribution?

A

movement of the drug by the circulatory system to the site of intention

68
Q

Where in the body are the highest level of drugs found? Why?

A

Heart, liver, and kidneys

Richest blood supply

69
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Change that occurs in a drug
to a more or less potent form
to a more soluble form
to an inactive form

70
Q

Where does most drugs get metabolized?

A

Liver

71
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

change that occurs in drug’s chemical nature

72
Q

What is metabolite?

A

The new or altered version of drug (by-product of metabolism)

73
Q

What is half life

A

Time it takes for drug to decrease in amount by half

74
Q

What does half life reflect?

A

How quickly and efficiently a drug metabolizes and excretes

75
Q

What does it mean when a drug has a short half life?

A

Could have to be administered several times a day

76
Q

What does it mean when a drug has a long half life?

A

Could only have to administer 1xday

77
Q

What happens to half life if the liver or kidneys have a decrease in their functions?

A

This could increase the half life

These patients could have adverse or overdosing happen to them

78
Q

What is onset of action?

A

The time it takes the drug to start having a therapeutic response

79
Q

What is the peak effect?

A

The time it takes a drug to demonstrate its full level of therapeutic effect

80
Q

What is the duration of action?

A

Length of time the drug’s therapeutic effect lasts

81
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a drug

82
Q

What is an agonist?

A

drugs that bind w/ receptor and precipitate greater than typical response

83
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

drugs that bind with receptor and block response or less than typical response

84
Q

What is a competitive antagonist?

A

competes with agonist for receptor site

85
Q

What is noncompetitive antagonist?

A

blocks agonist’s access to receptor site

86
Q

What is expected pharmacologic action?

A

The action the drug exerts in the body

87
Q

Many drugs have multiple therapeutic uses. For example Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can be used for What?

A

Allergies (antihistaminic)
Motion sickness (antiemetic)
Hypnotic (sedative)
Treatment of Parkinson’s disease (anticholinergic)

88
Q

What are side effects?

A

unintended effects that commonly occur and are mild in nature

89
Q

What are adverse effects?

A

unintended and unexpected effects that are more severe and can be life threatening in nature

90
Q

What is the most severe adverse effect?

A

Allergic reaction

91
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A 
exaggerated response of body's immune system to a drug
swelling of eyes face, mouth, throat
difficulty breathing
rapid heart rate
cardiac arrest
92
Q

What is the treatment of anaphylactic shock?

A
  1. Re-establishment of airway and O2 therapy
  2. Administration of epinephrine to raise bp and dilate bronchi
  3. Administration of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) to block additional release of histamine
93
Q

When does cumulative drug effects happen?

A
  1. older adults who have decrease in cardiac and kidney function
  2. patients who have liver or kidney disease
94
Q

When can drug toxicity happen?

A
  1. When patient receives excessive dosages
  2. When impaired excretion of drug allows drug to build up in the body
  3. Drugs with a small margin of safety
95
Q

Effects of drug toxicity may be irreversible & life threatening. Examples: Vancomycin (Vancocin) and Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

A

Vancomycin - permanent damage to cranial nerve #8 and/or decreased hearing or deafness
Acetaminophen - liver damage or failure

96
Q

Avoid grapefruit juice when taking what drugs?

A

Sertraline (Zoloft)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
Nifedipine (Procardi)

97
Q

Avoid dietary tyramine (wine or processed meats) when taking what drugs?

A

Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
**hypertensive crisis

98
Q

Avoid Milk when taking what drug?

A

Tetracycline (Sumycin)

99
Q

Avoid Avocados when taking what drug?

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

100
Q

Avoid high protein meals when taking what drug?

A

Levodopa (Dopar)

101
Q

What should a pregnant woman not take the first semester?

A

Teratongenic drugs

102
Q

What are the 2 categories of drugs a pregnant woman should not take?

A

Cat. D - possible fetal risk

Cat. X - Positive fetal risk

103
Q

What is considered a neonate?

A

birth to 1 month

104
Q

What is considered an infant?

A

1 month to 1 year

105
Q

What is considered a child?

A

1 year +

106
Q

Absorption rates in neonates for IM injections?

A

Delayed absorption

107
Q

Absorption rates in infants/child for IM injections?

A

Increased absorption

108
Q

To avoid toxicity and overdosage in children, what do we need to do?

A

Adjust dosage in relation to

  1. Age
  2. Weight
  3. Body surface area

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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