Basics Flashcards
0 K and is the point at which all molecular motion ceases.
Absolute Zero
The mass of an object per its unit volume
density
definite shape and volume
solid
definite volume but no definite shape
liquid
neither definite shape nor volume
gas
a graph representing the relationship of a substance’s states of matter to temperature and pressure
phase diagram
the point beyond which the gas and liquid phases are indistinguishable from each other
critical point
the combination of the temperature and pressure at which all three states of matter can exist together
triple point
tiny, invisible particles of an element
atom
subatomic particle of an atom that is negatively charged and is the primary carrier of electricity in solids
electron
a dense core of positive charge at the center of the atom that contains most of the atom’s mass.
nucleus
composed by the negatively charged electrons moving around the nucleus in complex paths
electron cloud
commonly used for the mass of subatomic particles and atoms
amu (atomic mass unit)
atoms of the same element that have differing numbers of neutrons
isotopes
a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
protons
the sum of the protons and neutrons
mass number
Where electrons are grouped within the electrons shells
subshells
volumes of spaces of equal energy
orbitals
electrons fill in the sub shells of the lowest energies, and then higher energies
Aufbau principle
every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.
Hund’s Rule
a condensed way of representing the pattern of electrons in an atom
electron configuration
Normally solids, shiny, and good conductors of heat and electricity.f Chemically tend to lose electrons in reactions.
Metals
Have properties of both metals and nonmetals, their unusual electrical properties properties make them valuable in the semiconductor and computer industry.
Metalloids
Some are gases, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, are neither malleable nor ductile, and tend to gain electrons in their chemical reactions to form anions.
nonmetals
Horizontal rows on the periodic table, which have consecutive atomic numbers. Numbered from 1 to 7. The elements that share these do not have similar properties.
Periods
Vertical rows on the periodic table
Groups
electrons on the outermost shell
valence electrons
The overall attraction an electron experiences. Related to the positive nuclear charge interacting with the negative electrons.
effective nuclear charge
the energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom
ionization energy
the energy change that results from adding an electron to an atom or ion.
electron affinity
compounds that consist of only two elements
binary compounds
binary compounds that begin with metal
metal type binary compounds
binary compounds that have formulas that begin with a nonmetal.
Nonmetal Type Binary Compound
binary compounds that have formulas that begin with hydrogen.
Acid Type Binary Compound
Compounds containing three or more elements
Ternary compounds
