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Anesthesia Equipment Exam 3 > Basic Ultrasound Priniciples > Flashcards

Basic Ultrasound Priniciples Flashcards

1
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Surface Orientation:

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • right (medial/lateral)
  • left (medial/lateral
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2
Q
A

transverse plane

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3
Q

Longitudinal Plane

A

Surface Orientation:

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • superior
  • inferior
  • saggital divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sections
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4
Q
A

Longitudinal plane

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5
Q

Transverse vs Longitudinal Visual

A
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6
Q

Transducer Orientation

A
  • scan lines come out transducer to form a plane or slice
  • the image is then displayed on the screen
  • for proper orientation the INDICATOR must match the SCREEN orientation
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7
Q

When is screen orientation usually opposite?

A
  • echocardiography
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8
Q
A

Transverse, Off-Axis

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9
Q
A

Longitudinal, In-Axis

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10
Q

3 Primary Ways to Use US for Needle Guidance

A

1) In axis, in plane (long of anatomy, needle in plane)
2) Off axis, off plane (trans of anatomy, needle out of plane) used for PICC lines and PIVs
3) Off axis, in plane (trans of anatomy, needle in plane) most popular for regional anesthesia and blocks.

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11
Q
A

In axis, in plane

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12
Q
A

off axis, off plane

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13
Q
A

off axis, in plane (how you will hit a nerve)

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14
Q

echogenic

A

having echoes, white

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15
Q

anechoic/sonolucent

A

without echoes, black

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16
Q

hyperechoic

A

having more echoes when compared to adjacent structure

17
Q

hypoechoic

A

having less echoes when compared to adjacent structure

18
Q

isoechoic

A

having the same echogenicity as adjacent structure

19
Q

Sonographic Terminology Visual

20
Q

What does fluid look like on US?

21
Q

Acoustic Shadow

A
  • when structures deep to an object are missing, not displayed
  • due to high attenuation of US by dense structures, stones, or bone
22
Q

Pulse-Echo Technique

A
  • US sent into body
  • reflects off structures
  • returns to transducer
  • computer processes reflections into image
23
Q

Pulsed Ultrasound

A
  • each pulse produces one line of information
  • the instrument assumes:
  • the US went straight through the body
  • reflected off different structures
  • reflections traveled straight back to the transducer
  • this path only happened once
24
Q

Scan Lines

A
  • display reflections of varying intensities based on the intensity of the returning echo and in locations corresponding to the direction the beam was sent out and depth of reflectors
  • beam is moved through body in sweeping action producing real-time
25
Q

Sound Waves

A
  • carry energy
  • mechanical: must have a medium to travel through
  • cannot travel in a vaccuum
  • medium has dramatic effect on wa e
  • not electromagnetic waves (x-ray, light)
26
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A
  • particle motion is parallel to wave direction
27
Q

Frequency

A

of cycles per second, measured in Hertz (Hz)

  • audilble is 20 - 20,000 Hz
  • Ultrasound is >20,000 Hz
28
Q

Diagnostic Range

A
  • 2-15 Megahertz (millions of cycles per sec)
29
Q

Attenuation vs Resolution

A

High Freq: better resolution (image detail), more attenuation (absorption of sound energy - doesn’t penetrate as well)

Low Freq: poorer resolution, less attenuation (penetrates better but resolution is poor ie: bass coming through neighbor’s wall)

use highest freq possible that allows for adequate penetration

30
Q

Reflections

A
  • occur when there is a change in the impedance of the medium
  • 2 types: specular vs non-specular (diffuse, scatter)
  • everything grey/white is a reflection
31
Q

Specular Reflectors

A
  • create the most artifact, especially when imaged at an obliqued angle. You should image them perpendicular.
  • examples: diaphragm, gallbladder wall, gallstone, liver/kidney, vessel wall, fetal femur, vessel walls, nerves, etc.
32
Q

Anisotrophy

A
  • variation of US interaction w fibrillar tissues, resulting in artifact (missing structures) when imaged other than 90 degrees
  • 5 degree change can cause artifact
33
Q

Depth Based on Speed and Time

A
  • instrument determines depth of reflectors by:
  • assuming propagation speed/velocity of 1540 m/s (1.54 mm/sec)
  • determining the round trip time of echo
  • depth mm = 1.55 mm/us x time us
34
Q

reverberation

A
  • US beam makes the path more than once
  • extra echoes on the image that do not represent true anatomy
  • causes mirror image so know your anatomy!
35
Q

Piezoelectric Crystal Transducer

A
  • converts electral energy into ultrasound and vice versa
  • lead zirconate titanate (PZT) man made
  • fragile
36
Q

Types of Transducers

A
  • different types for different exams: vectors, liner, transvaginal, transrectal, endoscopic, etc
  • different freqs for different imaging
    ie: high freq = better resolution, less penetration

low freq = poorer resolution, more penetration

37
Q

Sound is a _____, ______ wave.

A

Sound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave.

38
Q

2 Properties of Sound:

A

1) frequency
2) attenuation

Anesthesia Equipment Exam 3 (2 decks)

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