Basic Terms

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of the structures of the physical body

Example: what they’re made of and where they’re located

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of the functions of anatomical structure

Example: individual and cooperative functions
-physical and chemical reaction to maintain life

Question 3

Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy

Answer 3

Examines large, visible structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Example: observation, radiology, dissection

Question 4

Surface anatomy

Answer 4

Examines exterior structures

Example: legs, arms, etc

Question 5

Regional anatomy

Answer 5

Examines body areas based on regions or division and their relations to each other

Example: organs like nerves and muscles

Question 6

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 6

Examines cells and molecules

Question 7

Cytology

Answer 7

Study cells and their structures

Question 8

Histology

Answer 8

Study tissues and their structures

Question 9

Developmental anatomy

Answer 9

Study development from egg to maturity

Question 10

Embryology

Answer 10

Study embryos and their development

Question 11

Gerontology

Answer 11

The study of aging and older adults

Question 12

Radiology or radiographic

Answer 12

Study of medical imagining

Examples: x-rays, ultrasound

Question 13

Cell physiology

Answer 13

Study of processes within and between cells

Question 14

Special physiology

Answer 14

Functions of specific organs

Question 15

Systemic physiology

Answer 15

Functions of an organ system

Question 16

Pathological physiology

Answer 16

Study the effects of disease

Question 17

Scientific method

Answer 17

1. Start with a question or problem based on observation
2. Propose a hypothesis ( a possible answer that presents a reason ale explanation or solution
3. Make a prediction that test the hypothesis
4. Design an experiment to see if prediction is correct

Question 18

Hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 18

1. Investigator ask a question
2. Formulated a hypothesis

Most physiological knowledges has derived from this method

Question 19

What’s a good hypothesis?

Answer 19

1. Consistent with what’s already known

2. Testable and possibly falsifiable by evidence

Question 20

Falsifiability

Answer 20

If we claim something is true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

Question 21

Scientific fact

Answer 21

Definitely demonstrated, repeatedly

Information that can be independently verified by a trained person

Example: fact is that iron deficiency leads to anemia

Question 22

Inductive method

Answer 22

Started by Francis Bacon

• making numerous observation until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations snd predictions from them

Knowledge of anatomy comes from this method

Question 23

Laws

Answer 23

Based out of Inductive Method of making generalizations about predictable outcome based out of observation

Example: law of nature generalizes predictable ways of how matter and energy behaves

Law of complementary base pairing: in DNA, chemical base adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pair with cytosine

Laws describe interactions in the universe

Question 24

Theories

Answer 24

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

Summarizes what we know and suggests friction for further study, based on observed facts

Example: cell theory (all living structure and function results from activity in cells), fluid-mosaic theory of cell membrane

Question 25

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Answer 25

Atoms (electrons) -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism

Example: muscle

1. Protein molecules (chemical)
2. Protein filament (organelles)
3. Muscle cells (cellular)
4. Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue)
5. Heart (organ)