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TExES Science 7-12 > Basic Terminology > Flashcards

Basic Terminology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is most DNA found?

A

in the nucleus of the cell

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2
Q

Where can some DNA be found other than in the nucleus of a cell?

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Adenine pairs with what base?

A

Thymine

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4
Q

Cytosine pairs with what base?

A

Guanine

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5
Q

A, T, C and G attached to what to form a nucleotide?

A

Sugar and Phoshate molecule

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6
Q

Enzymes are highly selective _____

A

catalysts

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7
Q

What does a Catalyst accelerate?

A

the rate of a reaction

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8
Q

Most enzymes are considered:

A

proteins

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9
Q

Molecules at the beginning of an Enzymatic Reaction are known as:

A

substrates

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10
Q

Substrates turn into what after an Enzymatic Reaction?

A

Products

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11
Q

What happens to enzymes during Enzymatic Reactions?

A

the remain unchanged

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12
Q

What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a reaction?

A

lower it

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13
Q

Enzymes only bind to certain sites, which ones?

A

the ones that fit with its active site

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14
Q

What effects enyzmes?

A

Inhibitors and Activators

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15
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

molecules taht decrease enzyme activity

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16
Q

What is an acitvator?

A

molecules that increase enzyme activity

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17
Q

Where do autotrophs get their food from?

A

they produce their own

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18
Q

Where do heterotrophs get their food from?

A

Eating food

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19
Q

When autotrophs and heterotrophs die, they are broken down by:

A

decomposers

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20
Q

In this food web, who is missing?

? < Phytoplankton < Decaying organic matter < Decomposers

A

Zooplankton

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21
Q

Genes are a sequence of ____

A

nucleic acids

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22
Q

Alleles code for 1 variant of a ___

A

gene

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23
Q

Genes specify all ____ and functional ___ chains

A

proteins

RNA

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24
Q

Genes pass _____ to offspring

A

genetic traits

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25
Q

In Transcription, what is created?

A

single stranded mRNA

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26
Q

In Translation, what is created?

A

protein

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27
Q

What is used as a template in translation?

A

mRNA

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28
Q

In Translation, tRNA brings ____ and ____ necessary for protein synthesis

A

amino acids

anti-codon

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29
Q

Genes that read three nucleotides at a time are called ____

A

codons

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30
Q

Are animals Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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31
Q

Do animals have a cell wall?

A

no

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32
Q

How do animals reproduce?

A

Mostly sexually, some asexually

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33
Q

What is parthogenesis?

A

Fertilized egg produced without mating, budding, or fragmentation

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34
Q

Animalia is the same as Kingdom _____

A

Metazoa

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35
Q

Animalia/Metazoa can be separated into two subkingdoms:

A

Parazoa

Eumetazoa

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36
Q

Parazoa have _____ cells

A

differentiated

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37
Q

Parazoa have _____ tissues

A

no distinct

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38
Q

Describe Parazoas body symmetry

A

None

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39
Q

How many distinct layers of cells do Eumetazoa have?

A

2 or 3

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40
Q

Eumetazoa have _____ tissues

A

differentiated

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41
Q

Describe Eumetazoa’s symmetry

A

Radial or Bilateral

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42
Q

(Meiosis or Mitosis) is sexual reproduction in eukaryotes?

A

Meiosis

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43
Q

What are the phases of Meiosis?

A 
Interphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I 
Telophase I
Cytokinesis I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis II
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44
Q

What happens in Prophase I of Meiosis?

A

Crossing-over

Recombination

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45
Q

What part of Meiosis does microtubules begin to form?

A

Metaphase

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46
Q

What does Meiosis I create?

A

two daughter cells

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47
Q

What does Meiosis II create?

A

4 Haploid Gametes

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48
Q

What is formed after Meiosis is completed at there is fertilization?

A

Diploid Gamete

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49
Q

Where are Mitochondria found? (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes)

A

In nearly all Eukaryotic cells

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50
Q

Where in the cell is mitochondria found?

A

cytoplasm

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51
Q

What do mitochondria reproduce?

A

ATP

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52
Q

ATP is produced through _____ respiration or ____ respiration

A

cellular

Aerobic

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53
Q

Which cycle produces ATP?

A

Krebs

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54
Q

What is known as the “cellular powerhouse” of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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55
Q

What is a cells primary energy source?

A

ATP

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56
Q

Mitochondria regulate cells _____

A

metabolism

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57
Q

Mitochondria are involved in cell ____, cell _____ and cell _____

A

division
growth
death

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58
Q

In Mitosis, Eukaryotic cells produce asexually by dividing into;

A

two identical daughter cells

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59
Q

Mitosis - Interphase is a period of ___ and ________

A

cell growth

DNA replication

60
Q

Mitosis - In interphase, chromosomes are in the form of uncondensed _____

A

chromatin

61
Q

Mitosis - Is a Nucleolus still present in Interphase?

A

May be

62
Q

Mitosis - In prophase, chromatin condenses into

A

discrete chromosomes

63
Q

Mitosis - What starts to break down in phrophasee?

A

Nuclear membrane

64
Q

Mitosis - in prophase, what are joined by centromeres?

A

sister chromatids

65
Q

Mitosis - What is happening to the chromosomes in Metaphase?

A

they are aligning at the equatorial plate

66
Q

Mitosis - In prophase, what move to opposite sides of the cell?

A

centrosomes

67
Q

Mitosis - What happens to centromeres in Anaphase?

A

centromeres divide

68
Q

Mitosis - What happens to the microtubules in Anaphase?

A

they shorten moving the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell

69
Q

Mitosis - What happens to the cytoplasm in Telophase?

A

cytoplasm divides along cleavage furrow

70
Q

Mitosis - what happens to chromosomes in Telophase?

A

chromosomes condense to chromatin

71
Q

Mitosis - what happens to the nucleolus in Telophase?

A

it reappears and nuclear membrane is reforming

72
Q

Mitosis - What is the end result of mitosis?

A

Two daughter cells

73
Q

Nucleic acids are a chain of:

A

linear nucleotides

74
Q

Nucleotides consist of:

A

A nitrogenous base
A pentose
A phosphate group

75
Q

What are the 2 nitrogenous bases?

A

purine

pyrimidine

76
Q

What are the two purines?

A

A and G

77
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

C, T and U

78
Q

RNA = ____ + ____

A

ribose

Purine/Pyrimidine

79
Q

DNA = ____ + ____

A

deoxyribose

Purine/Pyrimidine

80
Q

A pair with ___

A

T or U

81
Q

G pairs with ___

A

C

82
Q

_______ are biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

83
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

single stranded amino acid sequence

84
Q

What is the 2ndary protein structure?

A

a-Helix or beta-sheet

85
Q

The secondary protein structure is a regularly repeating local structure stabilized by ______

A

hydrogen bonds

86
Q

What are the structures of proteins?

A

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

87
Q

Photosynthesis is used by (autotrophic/heterotrophic) organisms?

A

autotrophic

88
Q

Photosynthesis is the process of turning ____ energy into ____ energy

A

light

chemical

89
Q

Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria

These are all examples of?

A

Photoautotrophs

90
Q

What cell in a plant photosynthesizes?

A

chlorophyll

91
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

light reactions/light dependent reaction

CO2-fixing reactions/light independent reaction

92
Q

What is a light-dependent reaction and what does it form?

A

organisms capture and store light energy, then convert it to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP

93
Q

What is a light-independent reaction and what does it form?

A

Takes NADPH and ATP to drive the reduction of CO2to more useful compounds like glucose.

94
Q

What’s an example of a light independent reaction?

A

Calvin-Benson Cycle

95
Q

What two groups does a successful experiment have?

A

Control

Experimental

96
Q

What are the two types of variables of an experiment?

A

Manipulated

Observed

97
Q

Which variable is the independent variable?
Manipulated
Observed

A

Manipulated

98
Q

Which variable is the dependent variable?
Manipulated
Observed

A

Observed

99
Q

If a volume is proportional to the amount of gas, what are the constants?

A

Temperature

Pressure

100
Q

If a volume changes directly with temperature, what is constant?

A

pressure

101
Q

If a volume changes inversely with pressure, what is constant?

A

Temperature

102
Q

If volume changes directly with the amount of gas, what is constant?

A

Volume

Temperature

103
Q

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible because of its ability to stimulate the retina is called:

A

visible light

104
Q

_____ < Visible Light < ______

A

Ultraviolet Light

Infrared Light

105
Q

The human brain perceives or interprets lights as ____

A

color

106
Q

How does Prokaryotes size compare to Eukaryotes?

A

They are smaller

107
Q

Prokaryotes lack a _________ nucleus

A

membrane bound

108
Q

Prokaryotes have sing-stranded circular DNA molecules that free float in _____

A

cytoplasm

109
Q

What is the purpose of structure proteins?

A

give stiffness & rigidity to biological components that would otherwise be fluid

110
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

catalyze chemical reactions

111
Q

What do receptor proteins do?

A

bind a signaling molecule to induce a biological response

112
Q

What do Antibodies do?

A

Bind antigens and target the for destruction

113
Q

What do Motor Proteins do?

A

Generate the forces responsible for muscle contraction

114
Q

What do pump proteins do?

A

transport ions or small molecules across a membrane

115
Q

What do switch proteins do?

A

Act as “on-off” switches based on the presence or absence of certain molecules in a cell

116
Q

Ribonucleic acid is a base pair connected by _____ molecules and _____ molecules

A

sugar

phosphate

117
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

A
U
G
C

118
Q

Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

A

Single stranded mostly BUT can form a double helix by folding in on itself

119
Q

What is the carrier of genetic material in some viruses?

A

RNA

120
Q

Name the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

121
Q

What is the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

carries codes from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

122
Q

What is the purpose of the ribosomal DNA (rRNA)?

A

reads the code carried by the mRNA

123
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

rRNA and proteins

124
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

bring amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked to proteins

125
Q

Physics is the explanation of description of the ways ____ ____

A

matter moves

126
Q

Displacement is the change from:

A

one place to another

127
Q

Displacement = ______ - ______

A

final position

original position

128
Q

Vectors have ____ and ____

A

magnitude

direction

129
Q

Scalars have _____ alone

A

magnitude

130
Q

_____ is when the normal gene sequence is altered

A

mutation

131
Q

______ is when a trait is passed from parent to a child

A

hereditary

132
Q

What type of mutation only happens in sex cells or shortly after fertilization?

A

De-Novo

133
Q

What type of mutation occurs in a cell during an early embryonic stage?

A

Mosaicism

134
Q

What type of mutation occurs due to environmental factors or replication errors?

A

Acquired/Somatic

135
Q

During DNA replication, what Enzyme instigates the deforming of hydrogen bonds to split the two stands of DNA?

A

Helicase

136
Q

Where does the splitting of DNA start?

A

Origin of Replication

137
Q

What is the portion of DNA that is unwound to be replicated, called?

A

Replication Fork

138
Q

A strand of DNA is transcribed by an _____

A

mRNA

139
Q

____ is the measure of disorder of a closed system

A

Entropy

140
Q

Entropy is a state function, meaning it can:

A

only measure changes of entropy during a chemical and physical change

141
Q

Change in Entropy is related to the amount of:

A

heat added to a system at constant absolute temperature

142
Q

Change in Entropy = _______ (formula)

A

Head added (q) / Temperature (T)

143
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

All spontaneous changes occur with an increase in entropy

144
Q

Solid > Liquid > Gas

From left to right, is Entropy > 0 or < 0?

A

Entropy > 0

145
Q

Solid > Liquid > Gas

From right to left, is Entropy > 0 or < 0?

A

Entropy < 0

TExES Science 7-12 (3 decks)

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