Basic Structures Flashcards
- aka subcutaneous tissue/fat
or hypodermis - between skin and muscles
Superficial fascia
between adjacent muscles
deep fascia
produce the movements of the skeleton
- sometimes called voluntary muscles
- made up of striped muscle fibers
- has an origin and insertion
skeletal muscle
the fleshy part of the muscle
belly
cords of fibrous tissue attaching
the ends of a muscle to bones,
cartilage, or ligaments
tendons
a thin but strong sheet of
fibrous tissue attached to
flattened muscles
aponeurosis
an interdigitation of the tendinous
ends of fibers of flat muscles
raphe
provides the motive power for
propelling the contents through the
lumen in the tubes of the body; slow
and sustained contraction
- storage organs
smooth muscle
forms the myocardium of the heart
- have the property of spontaneous and rhythmic contraction
cardiac muscle
a site where two or more bones come together, whether or
not movement occurs between them
joints
The articulating surfaces of the
bones are joined by fibrous
tissue.
• Very little movement is
possible.
e.g. sutures, syndesmosis
fibrous joints
- hyaline cartilage
- no movement possible
primary (cartilaginous joint)
fibrocartilage with thin
layers of hyaline cartilage
- small amount of
movement possible
secondary (cartilaginous joint)
The articular surfaces of the
bones are covered by a thin layer
of hyaline cartilage separated by a
joint cavity.
• Permits a great degree of
freedom of movements
synovial joint
parts of synovial joint
Joint capsule
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial Fluid
• Articular discs
The apposed articular
surfaces are flat or almost
flat, and this permits the
bones to slide on one
another
plane joint (classification of synovial joint)
Resemble the hinge on a
door
Flexion and extension
movements are possible
hinge joint (csj)
A central bony pivot is
surrounded by a bony–
ligamentous ring
Rotation is the only
movement possible
pivot joint (csj)
Have two distinct convex
surfaces that articulate
with two concave surfaces.
Flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
with a small amount of
rotation
condyloid joint (csj)
An elliptical convex
articular surface fits into an
elliptical concave articular
surface.
Flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
can take place,
but rotation is impossible
ellipsoid joint (csj)
Articular surfaces are reciprocally
concavo-convex
Resemble a saddle on a horse’s back.
Flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
and rotation
saddle joint (csj)
A ballshaped head of one bone fits
into a socketlike concavity of
another.
Free movements, including flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction,
medial rotation, lateral rotation, and
circumduction
ball-and-socket joint (csj)
- prevent excessive
movement in a joint - capable of stretching
fibrous ligaments
return to their original
length after stretching
elastic ligaments
a lubricating device consisting of a
closed fibrous sac lined with a
delicate smooth membrane
• commonly found close to joints
where the skin rubs against
underlying bony structures
bursae
– direct connections occur
between the arteries and the
veins without the intervention of
capillaries
Arteriovenous Anastomosis
formed by the union of
tributaries (smaller veins)
venous plexuses
Medium-size deep arteries are
often accompanied by two
veins, one on each side, called
venae comitantes
resemble capillaries in that
they are thin-walled blood
vessels, but they have an
irregular cross diameter and
are wider than capillaries
- found in the bone marrow,
the spleen, the liver, and some
endocrine glands
sinusoids
type of CT that contains large
numbers of lymphocytes
- essential for the immunologic
defenses of the body against
bacteria and viruses
lymphatic tissues
- tubes that assist the
cardiovascular system in
the removal of tissue fluid
from the tissue spaces of
the body; the vessels then
return the fluid to the
blood
lymphatic vessels
tissue fluid once it has
entered a lymphatic
vessel
- an usually clear fluid that
contains WBCs, esp.
lymphocytes, few RBCs,
no platelets
lymph
nervous system
anatomic division:
a.
b.
functional division:
c.
d.
a. Central Nervous System
b. Peripheral Nervous System
c. Somatic Nervous System
d. Autonomic Nervous System
anterior root
- consists of bundles of nerve
fibers carrying nerve impulses
AWAY FROM the CNS
(somatic nervous system)
efferent nerve
posterior root
- consists of bundles of nerve
fibers that carry impulses TO
the CNS
(somatic nervous system)
afferent nerve
the part of the nervous system concerned with the innervation of
involuntary structures such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands
throughout the body
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- prepare the body for an emergency
(autonomic nervous system)
sympathetic
conserving and restoring energy
(autonomic nervous system)
parasympathetic
has a protective function
• serves as a lever, as seen in the
long bones of the limbs
• houses and protects within its
cavities the delicate blood-forming
bone marrow
bone
Inner bone, porous
spongy bone
Outer bone, rigid
compact bone
classified based on their
general shape
bone
found in the limbs
(e.g., the humerus, femur,
metacarpals, metatarsals,
and phalanges)
• length is greater than their
breadth
long bones
found in the hand and foot
(e.g., the scaphoid, lunate,
talus, and calcaneum)
• cuboidal in shape
short bones
found in the vault of the skull
(e.g., the frontal and parietal
bones), sternum; include the
irregular scapula
• composed of thin inner and
outer layers of compact
bone, the tables, separated
by a layer of cancellous
bone, the diploë
flat bones
include those not
assigned to the previous
groups
(e.g., the bones of the skull,
the vertebrae, and the
pelvic bones)
irregular bones
small nodules of bone that are
found in certain tendons where
they rub over bony surfaces
function: to reduce friction on
the tendon; alter the direction of
pull of a tendon
sesamoid bones
largest sesamoid bone:
patella
raised or roughened areas where bands of fascia, ligaments, tendons,
or aponeuroses are attached to bone
• not present at birth; appear at puberty and become progressively
more obvious during adult life
• pull of these fibrous structures causes the periosteum to be raised
and new bone to be deposited beneath
surface marking of bones
LINEAR ELEVATION
✓ Line
✓ Ridge
✓ Crest
ROUNDED ELEVATION
✓ Tubercle
✓ Protuberance
✓ Tuberosity
✓ Malleolus
✓ Trochanter
SHARP ELEVATION
✓ Spinous process
✓ Styloid process
EXPANDED ENDS
FOR ARTICULATION
✓ Head
✓ Condyle
✓ Epicondyle
SMALL FLAT AREA
FOR ARTICULATION
✓ Facet
DEPRESSIONS
✓ Notch
✓ Groove or Sulcus
✓ Fossa
OPENINGS
✓ Fissure
✓ Foramen
✓ Canal
✓ Meatus
• plays an important part in the
growth in length of long bones
(i.e. epiphyseal plates)
• has a great resistance to wear and
covers the articular surfaces of
nearly all synovial joints
Hyaline Cartilage
found in the discs within joints
(e.g., the temporomandibular
joint, sternoclavicular joint, and
knee joint) and on the articular
surfaces of the clavicle, mandible,
and vertebra
fibrocartilage
• flexible
• found in the auricle of the
ear, the external auditory
meatus, the auditory
tube, and the epiglottis
elastic cartilage
