Basic Sciences

Question 1

For Type 1 hypersensitivity name the following:

1) Type of reaction
2) Mediator
3) Antigen
4) Response time
5) Examples

Answer 1

1) Anaphylactic
2) IgE
3) Exogenous
4) Seconds - Minutes
5) Asthma, Hayfever

Question 2

For Type 2 hypersensitivity name the following:

1) Type of reaction
2) Mediator
3) Antigen
4) Response time
5) Examples

Answer 2

1) Cytotoxic
2) IgG, IgM
3) Cell surface
4) Hours
5) Pemphigus of skin, Goodpastures of kidney & lung

Question 3

For Type 3 hypersensitivity name the following:

1) Type of reaction
2) Mediator
3) Antigen
4) Response time
5) Examples

Answer 3

1) Immune complex
2) IgA, IgG, IgM
3) Soluble
4) Hours
5) Serum sickness, SLE, aspergillosis

Question 4

For Type 4 hypersensitivity name the following:

1) Type of reaction
2) Mediator
3) Antigen
4) Response time
5) Examples

Answer 4

1) Cell Mediated
2) T-cell
3) Tissues
4) Days
5) GvH, Contact dermatitis

Question 5

In a CVP/JVP trace, what does an absent a wave suggest?

Answer 5

AF

Question 6

In a CVP/JVP trace, what does a LARGE a wave suggest?

Answer 6

R ventricular hypertrophy

Tricuspid stenosis

Question 7

In a CVP/JVP trace, what does an CANNON a wave suggest?

Answer 7

Complete HB

3rd degree HB

Question 8

In a CVP/JVP trace, what do prominent v waves suggest?

Answer 8

Tricuspid regurgitation

Question 9

In a CVP/JVP trace, what do slow y waves suggest?

Answer 9

Tricuspid stenosis

R atrial myxoma

Question 10

In a CVP/JVP trace, what do steep y waves suggest?

Answer 10

R ventricular failure

Question 11

What ECG changes do you find in a PE?

Answer 11

Sinus tachycardia

Complete or incomplete RBBB

Right ventricular strain pattern – T wave inversions in the right precordial leads (V1-4) ± the inferior leads (II, III, aVF).

Right axis deviation

Dominant R wave in V1

Right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale)

SI QIII TIII pattern

Life in the fast lane

Question 12

What are the phases of inflammation?

Answer 12

Vascular phase

1) Vasodilation
2) Increasing permeability
3) Using chemical mediators - exudation of fluid

Cellular phase

1) Neutrophil attracted to injury due to chemotaxins
2) Migration, Rolling, Adhesion, Emigration
3) Phagocytosis

Question 13

What causes right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 13

• *Decreased affinity for 02**
  1) Increased temperature
  2) Increased 2-3 DPG
  3) Increased H+
  4) Increased CO2

Question 14

What causes left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 14

• *Increased affinity for O2**
  1) Decreased temperature
  2) Decreased 2-3 DPG
  3) Decreased H+
  4) Decreased CO2
  5) Fetal haemoglobin

Question 15

How many chains in adult haemoglobin?

Answer 15

2 alpha

2 beta

Question 16

How many chains in fetal haemoglobin?

Answer 16

2 alpha

2 gamma

Question 17

What causes hyperuricaemia?

Answer 17

Increased synthesis

1) Lesch-Nyhan disease
2) Myeloproliferative disorders
3) Diet rich in purines
4) Exercise
5) Psoriasis
6) Cytotoxics

Decreased excretion

1) Drugs: low-dose aspirin, diuretics, pyrazinamide
2) Pre-eclampsia
3) Alcohol
4) Renal failure
5) Lead

ACIDOSIS IN GENERAL - competes with uric acid in renal tubules, reduced excretion

Question 18

Regarding thyroid function, which hormone mainly affects the thyroid?

Answer 18

Triiodothyronine