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Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Cell type of the endocervix

A

Mucin secreting columnar epithelium

Undergoes squamous metaplasia when exposed to vaginal PH

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2
Q

What is the squamocolumnar junction

A

The junction between ectocervix and endocervix

Columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What is the transformation zone

A

The area where columnar epithelium undergoes metaplasia to become squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Cytological features of dyskaryosis

A

Increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
Mitotic figures
Nuclear pleomorphism
Nuclear hyperchromasia

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5
Q

Cell type of the ectocervix

A

Nonkeratinising stratified squamous epithelium

Resistant to low vaginal PH

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6
Q

Layers of the abdominal wall

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Pyramidalis muscle (absent in 20%)
Rectus muscle 
External oblique + aponeurosis
Internal oblique + aponeurosis
Transversus abdominis + aponeurosis
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum
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7
Q

The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of which 3 muscles

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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8
Q

What is the pelvis comprised of?

A

2 x inominate bones

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9
Q

Name of 3 bones of the hip

A

Pubis, ischium, ilium

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10
Q

4 possible shapes of female pelvis

A

Gynaecoid (classical - widest transverse)
Android (heart shaped inlet- narrow outlet)
Anthropoid (oval inlet - widest AP), Long and narrow)
Platypoid (flattened inlet, shallow)

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11
Q

Normal AP Pelvic inlet size

A

12cm

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12
Q

Normal transverse Pelvic inlet size

A

13.5cm

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13
Q

boundaries of pelvic inlet

A

Anterior - pubic crest
Posterior - promontory of sacrum
Laterally - ilio-pectineal line

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14
Q

Where is the obstetric conjugate of the of the pelvis?

A

Promontory of sacrum to innermost part of symphysis pubis.

Usually >10cm

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15
Q

Dimensions of the mid-cavity

A

AP - 12.5cm

Transverse - 12.5cm

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16
Q

Diameter at level of ischial spines

A

10cm transverse

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17
Q

Boundaries of pelvic outlet

A

anterior - Inferior aspect of pubic arch
Posterior - tip of coccyx
Lateral - ischial tuberosities + surrounding ligaments

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18
Q

Diameters of pelvic outlet

A

AP - 12.5cm

Transverse - 11cm

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19
Q

Shape and bones forming anterior fontanelle

A

Diamond
2 parietal bones
2 frontal bones

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20
Q

Shape and bones forming posterior fontanelle

A

Triangle
Occipital bone
2 parietal bones

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21
Q

Where is prolactin produced

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Stimulates milk secretion

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23
Q

What substance induces cervical remodelling in pregnancy

A

Prostaglandins

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24
Q

What substance aids cervical softening in pregnancy

A

Collagenase

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25
What substance regulates uterine blood flow by effecting vascular endothelium and smooth muscle
Maternal cortisol
26
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone | Oxytocin
27
Genetic diseases caused by clonal expansion of trinucleotide repeats
Fragile X Huntington's disease Myotonic dystrophy Friedrich's ataxia
28
Karyotype of Klinefelter's disease
XXY
29
How does mefenamic acid work
Mefenamic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis | Reduces menstrual loss by 25%
30
Benefit of mefenamic acid over tranexamic acid
Better tolerated than tranexamic acid | But less effective
31
How does tranexamic acid work?
Tranexamic acid is a plasminogen activator inhibitor Inhibits dissolution of thrombosis Can reduce flow up to 50%
32
Length of ovum survival once released
24hr
33
Length of fertilisable window of released ovum
12hr
34
Where are chromaffin cells found
Adrenal medulla
35
Innervation of chromaffin cells
Postganglionic sympathetic
36
Embryological origin of adrenal cortex
Mesoderm
37
Embryological origin of the adrenal medulla
Ectoderm
38
Zones of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
39
What do the fetal adrenal glands produce
Surfactant | Catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline
40
Blood supply of the adrenal glands
Renal artery Phrenic artery Aorta
41
Pelvic splanchnic nerve provides sensory innovation to what
``` Bladder Urethra Rectum Anal canal Cervix Upper vagina Prostate ```
42
Pelvic splanchnic nerve provides motor innovation to what
Left 1/3 colon Uterus Bladder
43
Inferior hypogastric plexus provides sensory innovation to what
Upper rectum | Body of uterus
44
Inferior hypogastric plexus provides motor innovation to what
Seminal vesicles Prostate Anal sphincter Urethral sphincter
45
What forms the floor of the third ventricle
Hypothalamus
46
Three parts of the pituitary gland
Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Pars intermedia
47
Embryological tissue origins of pituitary gland
Ectodermal
48
Borders of the pituitary gland
Superior-optic chiasm inferior-sphenoid bone Lateral-cavernous sinus
49
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary
``` FSH LH Prolactin Growth hormone TSH ACTH Melanocyte stimulating hormone ```
50
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin ADH (Produced by hypothalamus)
51
What nerves pierce the carotid sheath
Glossopharyngeal Accessory Hypoglossal
52
Where does the carotid sheath extend to and from
From base of skull to 1st ribs and sternum
53
What is aneuploidy
Change in the number of chromosomes
54
What is mosaicism
Presence of two or more genetically different cells lines of Ryan from the single zygote
55
What can trisomies be due to
Non-disjunction at meiosis 1 Non-disjunction at meiosis 2 Mosaicism
56
What is down syndrome
Trisomy 21
57
Prevalence of down syndrome
1:700 live births | Higher at conception-80% spontaneous pregnancy loss
58
Features of down syndrome
``` Raised nuchal translucency Dysmorphic features Hypotonia Cardiac optimality is Duodenal atresia / imperforate anus / Hirschsprung's disease Conductive hearing loss Increased risk of Alzheimer's /AML / ALL Hypothyroidism ```
59
Maternal age risk for Down's syndrome
``` 25 years = 1:1500 30 years = 1:900 35 years = 1:350 40 years = 1:100 45 years = 1:30 50 years = 1:11 ```
60
Down syndrome risk cut-off for invasive screening
1:250
61
What is Edwards syndrome
Trisomy 18 | M: F ratio 1:2
62
Prevalence of Edward syndrome
1:3000 live births
63
Features of Edwards syndrome
Increased nuchal translucency Limb defects / rockerbottom feet / overlapping fingers Facial defects - microgynthia / cleft lip / cleft palate Cardiac defects - VSD / ASD / PDA Abdominal defects-exomphalos / inguinal hernia / diaphragmatic hernia / renal malformations IUGR
64
What is Patau's syndrome
Trisomy 13
65
Prevalence of Patau's syndrome
1:5000 live births
66
Mortality rates for Edwards syndrome
One month = 30% Two months = 50% One year = 90%
67
Features of Patau's syndrome
``` Midline defects - hypotelorism / holprosencephaly / cleft lip and palate / scalp defect Post axial polydactyly Congenital heart defect Renal abnormality Omphalocele IUGR ```
68
Chromosomal abnormality in Turner's syndrome
Monosomy 45 | X0
69
Prevalence of Turner syndrome
1:2500 female live births
70
Features of turner syndrome
``` Raised nuchal translucency Cystic hygroma Lymphoedema neck webbing Short stature Wide carrying angle Shield shaped chest/widely spaced nipples Coarctation of aorta Gonadal dysgenesis Renal anomaly ```
71
Chromosomal abnormality in Klinefelter's syndrome
47 XXY
72
Incidence of Klinefelter's syndrome
1:1000 male live births
73
Features of Klinefelter syndrome
Tall Small trustees Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism Infertility
74
What syndromes are due to chromosomal deletions
``` Di-George Angelman Prader-Willie Cri du chat Fragile X ```
75
Autosomal dominant conditions include
``` Myotonic dystrophy Huntington's Chorea Achondroplasia Neurofibromatosis T1 +2 Tuberous sclerosis Familial polyposis coli Marfan's Osteogenesis imperfecta Polycystic kidney disease Porphyria Von Willebrand disease Familial hypercholesterolaemia ```
76
Inheritance ratio autosomal dominant conditions
1:2
77
Inheritance ratio autosomal recessive conditions
1:4
78
Autosomal recessive conditions include
``` Cystic fibrosis Sickle-cell Thalassaemia Phenylketonuria Glycogen storage disorders Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Wilsons disease Homocystinuria ```
79
Inheritance of sex linked recessive disorders
Inheritance = 1:2 sons of female carriers | Daughters of all affected males are carriers
80
What is tranexamic acid and how does it work
Anti-fibrinolytic | Reversibly binds to lysine binding sites of plasminogen + prevents activation of plasminogen to plasmin
81
Examples of x-linked recessive conditions
``` Duchenne muscular dystrophy Fragile X syndrome Red green colourblind G6PD deficiency Christmas disease (factor 11 deficiency) Haemophilia a and B Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome ```
82
Inheritance of sex linked dominant conditions
One: to offspring of affected females | Often manifest very severely in males - frequently leading to spontaneous loss/neonatal death
83
Examples of sex linked dominant conditions
Retts syndrome Vitamin d resistant Ricketts Incontinentia pigmenti
84
Inheritance method of mitochondrial disorders
Only passed on by affected mothers Sperm do not contribute mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial conditions can affect both sexes
85
Examples of mitochondrial disorders
Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy | Leigh's syndrome - subacute sclerosing encephalopathy
86
What is cystic fibrosis a condition of
Affects exocrine secretion | Increased chloride in sweat
87
Prevalence of cystic fibrosis
1:2000
88
Carrier rate of cystic fibrosis in Caucasian
1:23
89
What gene mutation causes cystic fibrosis
Mutation in the CFTR Gene (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator)
90
Symptoms and signs of cystic fibrosis
``` Excess mucus production Recurrent chest infection is Poor Alveolar gas exchange Infertility-congenital absence of vas deferens/ thickened cervical mucus Pancreatitis Cirrhosis Intestinal obstruction Malabsorption Osteoporosis Diabetes ```
91
What is thelarche and what is the average age
Breast bud development | 8 - 10 years
92
What is pubarche and what is the average age
Growth of pubic and axillary hair | 10-13 years
93
What is menarche and what is the average age
Menstruation onset | 12-13 years
94
What is adrenarche and what is the average age
Increased androgen secretion from adrenal cortex Cause oily skin, acne, pubic hair, body odour 10-11 years
95
What anatomical feature holds the ovaries in place
Infundibulo-pelvic ligament (suspensory ligament) Ovarian ligament Broad ligament
96
Origin and course of ovarian arteries
Arise fromDescending abdominal aorta Pass over pelvic brim Reach ovaries via infundibulopelvic ligaments
97
Course and drainage of right ovarian vein
Travels in infundibulopelvic ligament | Drains directly into inferior vena cava
98
Course and drainage of left ovarian vein
Travels in infundibulopelvic ligament | Drains into left renal vein
99
Nerve supply of ovaries
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic inner action from abdominal and pelvic plexuses Visceral pain via sensory afferent fibres which accompany sympathetic fibres to T10-12
100
Histological layers of the ovary
Outer layer = flat cuboidal epithelial cells Then thick connective tissue layer = tunica albuginea Cortex - contains follicles Medulla - vascular core

MFSRH (18 decks)

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