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MFSRH > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Cell type of the endocervix

A

Mucin secreting columnar epithelium

Undergoes squamous metaplasia when exposed to vaginal PH

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2
Q

What is the squamocolumnar junction

A

The junction between ectocervix and endocervix

Columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What is the transformation zone

A

The area where columnar epithelium undergoes metaplasia to become squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Cytological features of dyskaryosis

A

Increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
Mitotic figures
Nuclear pleomorphism
Nuclear hyperchromasia

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5
Q

Cell type of the ectocervix

A

Nonkeratinising stratified squamous epithelium

Resistant to low vaginal PH

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6
Q

Layers of the abdominal wall

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Pyramidalis muscle (absent in 20%)
Rectus muscle 
External oblique + aponeurosis
Internal oblique + aponeurosis
Transversus abdominis + aponeurosis
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum
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7
Q

The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of which 3 muscles

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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8
Q

What is the pelvis comprised of?

A

2 x inominate bones

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9
Q

Name of 3 bones of the hip

A

Pubis, ischium, ilium

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10
Q

4 possible shapes of female pelvis

A

Gynaecoid (classical - widest transverse)
Android (heart shaped inlet- narrow outlet)
Anthropoid (oval inlet - widest AP), Long and narrow)
Platypoid (flattened inlet, shallow)

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11
Q

Normal AP Pelvic inlet size

A

12cm

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12
Q

Normal transverse Pelvic inlet size

A

13.5cm

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13
Q

boundaries of pelvic inlet

A

Anterior - pubic crest
Posterior - promontory of sacrum
Laterally - ilio-pectineal line

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14
Q

Where is the obstetric conjugate of the of the pelvis?

A

Promontory of sacrum to innermost part of symphysis pubis.

Usually >10cm

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15
Q

Dimensions of the mid-cavity

A

AP - 12.5cm

Transverse - 12.5cm

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16
Q

Diameter at level of ischial spines

A

10cm transverse

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17
Q

Boundaries of pelvic outlet

A

anterior - Inferior aspect of pubic arch
Posterior - tip of coccyx
Lateral - ischial tuberosities + surrounding ligaments

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18
Q

Diameters of pelvic outlet

A

AP - 12.5cm

Transverse - 11cm

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19
Q

Shape and bones forming anterior fontanelle

A

Diamond
2 parietal bones
2 frontal bones

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20
Q

Shape and bones forming posterior fontanelle

A

Triangle
Occipital bone
2 parietal bones

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21
Q

Where is prolactin produced

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Stimulates milk secretion

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23
Q

What substance induces cervical remodelling in pregnancy

A

Prostaglandins

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24
Q

What substance aids cervical softening in pregnancy

A

Collagenase

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25
Q

What substance regulates uterine blood flow by effecting vascular endothelium and smooth muscle

A

Maternal cortisol

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26
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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27
Q

Genetic diseases caused by clonal expansion of trinucleotide repeats

A

Fragile X
Huntington’s disease
Myotonic dystrophy
Friedrich’s ataxia

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28
Q

Karyotype of Klinefelter’s disease

A

XXY

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29
Q

How does mefenamic acid work

A

Mefenamic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Reduces menstrual loss by 25%

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30
Q

Benefit of mefenamic acid over tranexamic acid

A

Better tolerated than tranexamic acid

But less effective

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31
Q

How does tranexamic acid work?

A

Tranexamic acid is a plasminogen activator inhibitor
Inhibits dissolution of thrombosis
Can reduce flow up to 50%

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32
Q

Length of ovum survival once released

A

24hr

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33
Q

Length of fertilisable window of released ovum

A

12hr

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34
Q

Where are chromaffin cells found

A

Adrenal medulla

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35
Q

Innervation of chromaffin cells

A

Postganglionic sympathetic

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36
Q

Embryological origin of adrenal cortex

A

Mesoderm

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37
Q

Embryological origin of the adrenal medulla

A

Ectoderm

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38
Q

Zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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39
Q

What do the fetal adrenal glands produce

A

Surfactant

Catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline

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40
Q

Blood supply of the adrenal glands

A

Renal artery
Phrenic artery
Aorta

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41
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerve provides sensory innovation to what

A 
Bladder
Urethra
Rectum
Anal canal
Cervix
Upper vagina
Prostate
42
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerve provides motor innovation to what

A

Left 1/3 colon
Uterus
Bladder

43
Q

Inferior hypogastric plexus provides sensory innovation to what

A

Upper rectum

Body of uterus

44
Q

Inferior hypogastric plexus provides motor innovation to what

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Anal sphincter
Urethral sphincter

45
Q

What forms the floor of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

Three parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Pars intermedia

47
Q

Embryological tissue origins of pituitary gland

A

Ectodermal

48
Q

Borders of the pituitary gland

A

Superior-optic chiasm
inferior-sphenoid bone
Lateral-cavernous sinus

49
Q

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary

A 
FSH
LH
Prolactin
Growth hormone
TSH
ACTH
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
50
Q

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin
ADH
(Produced by hypothalamus)

51
Q

What nerves pierce the carotid sheath

A

Glossopharyngeal
Accessory
Hypoglossal

52
Q

Where does the carotid sheath extend to and from

A

From base of skull to 1st ribs and sternum

53
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

Change in the number of chromosomes

54
Q

What is mosaicism

A

Presence of two or more genetically different cells lines of Ryan from the single zygote

55
Q

What can trisomies be due to

A

Non-disjunction at meiosis 1
Non-disjunction at meiosis 2
Mosaicism

56
Q

What is down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

57
Q

Prevalence of down syndrome

A

1:700 live births

Higher at conception-80% spontaneous pregnancy loss

58
Q

Features of down syndrome

A 
Raised nuchal translucency
Dysmorphic features
Hypotonia
Cardiac optimality is
Duodenal atresia / imperforate anus / Hirschsprung's disease
Conductive hearing loss
Increased risk of Alzheimer's /AML / ALL
 Hypothyroidism
59
Q

Maternal age risk for Down’s syndrome

A 
25 years = 1:1500
30 years = 1:900
35 years = 1:350
40 years = 1:100
45 years = 1:30
50 years = 1:11
60
Q

Down syndrome risk cut-off for invasive screening

A

1:250

61
Q

What is Edwards syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

M: F ratio 1:2

62
Q

Prevalence of Edward syndrome

A

1:3000 live births

63
Q

Features of Edwards syndrome

A

Increased nuchal translucency
Limb defects / rockerbottom feet / overlapping fingers
Facial defects - microgynthia / cleft lip / cleft palate
Cardiac defects - VSD / ASD / PDA
Abdominal defects-exomphalos / inguinal hernia / diaphragmatic hernia / renal malformations
IUGR

64
Q

What is Patau’s syndrome

A

Trisomy 13

65
Q

Prevalence of Patau’s syndrome

A

1:5000 live births

66
Q

Mortality rates for Edwards syndrome

A

One month = 30%
Two months = 50%
One year = 90%

67
Q

Features of Patau’s syndrome

A 
Midline defects - hypotelorism / holprosencephaly / cleft lip and palate / scalp defect
Post axial polydactyly
Congenital heart defect 
Renal abnormality
Omphalocele
IUGR
68
Q

Chromosomal abnormality in Turner’s syndrome

A

Monosomy 45

X0

69
Q

Prevalence of Turner syndrome

A

1:2500 female live births

70
Q

Features of turner syndrome

A 
Raised nuchal translucency
Cystic hygroma
Lymphoedema
 neck webbing
Short stature
Wide carrying angle
Shield shaped chest/widely spaced nipples
Coarctation of aorta
Gonadal dysgenesis
Renal anomaly
71
Q

Chromosomal abnormality in Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

47 XXY

72
Q

Incidence of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

1:1000 male live births

73
Q

Features of Klinefelter syndrome

A

Tall
Small trustees
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Infertility

74
Q

What syndromes are due to chromosomal deletions

A 
Di-George
Angelman
Prader-Willie
Cri du chat
Fragile X
75
Q

Autosomal dominant conditions include

A 
Myotonic dystrophy 
 Huntington's Chorea
 Achondroplasia
Neurofibromatosis T1 +2
Tuberous sclerosis
Familial polyposis coli
Marfan's
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Polycystic kidney disease 
Porphyria
Von Willebrand disease
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
76
Q

Inheritance ratio autosomal dominant conditions

A

1:2

77
Q

Inheritance ratio autosomal recessive conditions

A

1:4

78
Q

Autosomal recessive conditions include

A 
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle-cell
Thalassaemia
Phenylketonuria
Glycogen storage disorders
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 
Wilsons disease
Homocystinuria
79
Q

Inheritance of sex linked recessive disorders

A

Inheritance = 1:2 sons of female carriers

Daughters of all affected males are carriers

80
Q

What is tranexamic acid and how does it work

A

Anti-fibrinolytic

Reversibly binds to lysine binding sites of plasminogen + prevents activation of plasminogen to plasmin

81
Q

Examples of x-linked recessive conditions

A 
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Fragile X syndrome
Red green colourblind
G6PD deficiency
Christmas disease (factor 11 deficiency)
Haemophilia a and B
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
82
Q

Inheritance of sex linked dominant conditions

A

One: to offspring of affected females

Often manifest very severely in males - frequently leading to spontaneous loss/neonatal death

83
Q

Examples of sex linked dominant conditions

A

Retts syndrome
Vitamin d resistant Ricketts
Incontinentia pigmenti

84
Q

Inheritance method of mitochondrial disorders

A

Only passed on by affected mothers
Sperm do not contribute mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial conditions can affect both sexes

85
Q

Examples of mitochondrial disorders

A

Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy

Leigh’s syndrome - subacute sclerosing encephalopathy

86
Q

What is cystic fibrosis a condition of

A

Affects exocrine secretion

Increased chloride in sweat

87
Q

Prevalence of cystic fibrosis

A

1:2000

88
Q

Carrier rate of cystic fibrosis in Caucasian

A

1:23

89
Q

What gene mutation causes cystic fibrosis

A

Mutation in the CFTR Gene (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator)

90
Q

Symptoms and signs of cystic fibrosis

A 
Excess mucus production
Recurrent chest infection is
Poor Alveolar gas exchange
Infertility-congenital absence of vas deferens/ thickened cervical mucus
Pancreatitis
Cirrhosis
Intestinal obstruction
Malabsorption
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
91
Q

What is thelarche and what is the average age

A

Breast bud development

8 - 10 years

92
Q

What is pubarche and what is the average age

A

Growth of pubic and axillary hair

10-13 years

93
Q

What is menarche and what is the average age

A

Menstruation onset

12-13 years

94
Q

What is adrenarche and what is the average age

A

Increased androgen secretion from adrenal cortex
Cause oily skin, acne, pubic hair, body odour
10-11 years

95
Q

What anatomical feature holds the ovaries in place

A

Infundibulo-pelvic ligament (suspensory ligament)
Ovarian ligament
Broad ligament

96
Q

Origin and course of ovarian arteries

A

Arise fromDescending abdominal aorta
Pass over pelvic brim
Reach ovaries via infundibulopelvic ligaments

97
Q

Course and drainage of right ovarian vein

A

Travels in infundibulopelvic ligament

Drains directly into inferior vena cava

98
Q

Course and drainage of left ovarian vein

A

Travels in infundibulopelvic ligament

Drains into left renal vein

99
Q

Nerve supply of ovaries

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic inner action from abdominal and pelvic plexuses
Visceral pain via sensory afferent fibres which accompany sympathetic fibres to T10-12

100
Q

Histological layers of the ovary

A

Outer layer = flat cuboidal epithelial cells
Then thick connective tissue layer = tunica albuginea
Cortex - contains follicles
Medulla - vascular core

MFSRH (18 decks)

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