BASIC SCIENCE Flashcards
In metabolic acidosis, the renal regulation of body fluid pH depends primarily on
HYDROGEN SODIUM EXCHANGE
Within the renal cell cytoplasm, carbonic anhydrase generates H+ and HCO3- from CO2 and H2O. H+ is secreted in the urine through the Na+/H+ antiporter. HCO3- is reabsorbed into the blood via the HCO3-/Na+ symporter.
Thus, the kidneys regulate body fluid pH by secretion of protons in the proximal tubules via a Na+/H+ antiporter.
All of the following processes occur during the intermediate phase of wound healing and predominate between 2 and 4 days after wounding
Intermediate wound healing processes include
mesenchymal cell chemotaxis,
mesenchymal cell proliferation,
angiogenesis,
epithelialization this is early!
or testing differences between two unpaired treatments.
The Mann-Whitney U test, also known as the Mann-Whitney
eg, Analysis of the difference in gastric hair ball size of cats fed Furball Feedbag brand cat food, relative to cats fed 8-Lives Liver Surprise, using a 4-point size scale, would require:
Because of the unique nature of the tissues of the penis how are burns treated
NOT with the use of Silvadene or other specific antibiotic ointments is not warranted for genital thermal burn injuries
The majority of posterior urethral distraction injuries result from
almost exclusively associated with pelvic fracture or pubic diastasis injuries.
The long-term sequelae of pelvic fracture and urethral distraction are how common
rare:
incontinence is rarely seen
impotence is seen in approximately 30% to 50% of patients depending on the institution’s definition of impotence.
percent of pelvic fractures result in posterior urethral distraction injuries
only 5% to 10% of pelvic fractures result in posterior urethral distraction injury.
On rectal examination in the patient with a posterior urethral distraction, usually the anatomy is obliterated, the prostate is usually non-palpable, and one cannot digitally determine the distraction defect in any case.
The ovary supporting the dominant follicle can be detected as early as
day 5 of the follicular phase by measuring estrogen levels in the ovarian veins.
In the Frank-Starling curve, if the patient is to the right of the normal range, cardiac function is compromised because of
valvular disease,
extrinsic pressure such as pericardial tamponade,
or, more commonly,
a decrease in contractility.
the affinity of the hemoglobin molecule for oxygen
Factors that shift the curve to the left are
increased affinity such as a
decrease in temperature,
increase in pH,
decrease in PaCO2,
LOW levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate [(2,3-DPG), which is an organophosphate created in red blood cells (RBCs) during glycolysis which binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for oxygen].
Factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve to the right are
right is right = right is better - let go of O2 in tissue
Conversely, a right shift of the curve causes a lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and is caused by an
INCREASE in temperature,
lowering of pH,
increase in PaCO2 (paralel to incr acid),
INCREASE levels of 2,3-DPG.
The production of 2,3-DPG is probably an adaptive mechanism because its production increases during times of diminished peripheral tissue O2 availability
An anticholinergic drug is administered with an anticholinesterase drug during pharmacologic reversal of neuromuscular blockade in order to:
Anticholinergic drugs are administered to block muscarinic effects. The increase in acetylcholine due to anticholinesterase administration would lead to muscarinic as well as nicotinic stimulation. Anticholinergic drugs block the muscarinic effects.
CAVH is an extracorporeal filtration
technique that removes extracellular fluid across a synthetic membrane by means of a hydrostatic pressure gradient between the indwelling arterial and venous catheters.
Arteriovenous access is accomplished by means of percutaneous cannulation of the femoral artery and vein with a low incidence of complications.
Although full systemic anticoagulation is not necessary for CAVH, heparinization of the extracorporeal circuit is required.
CAVH is run continuously for as many days as renal replacement is needed.
little or no hemodynamic instability with treatment of critically ill patients with renal failure.
Fluid balance and serum electrolyte concentrations can be titrated to any level in a matter of hours by means of manipulation of the composition and rate of replacement solution.
The most important effect of the intra-aortic balloon pump is
reduces afterload.
It is the only afterload reducing therapy which does not drop the diastolic pressure and thereby reduce the coronary perfusion pressure.
The zona pellucida forms surrounding the oocyte during
the process of folliculogenesis.
