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Radiology > Basic Radiology > Flashcards

Basic Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 forms of Non-Ionizing waves?

A
  1. Radiowaves
  2. Microwaves
  3. Visible Light
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2
Q

What are 3 forms of Ionizing waves?

A
  1. UV Light
  2. X-Rays
  3. Gamma Rays

These forms of EM (Electromagnetic Spectrum) have sufficient energy to ionize energy.

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3
Q

What is filtration?

A

Aluminum filtration removes low energy x-rays that do not contribute to the image. Also increases the mean energy of the x-ray beam.

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4
Q

What is kVp?

A

Kilovolt peak - An increase in kVp will increases mean energy and maximal energy
kVp controls the QUALITY of the exposure

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5
Q

What are benefits of increasing kVp?

A
  1. Increased Penetration
  2. Shortening of wavelength
  3. Decreased dose to skin
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6
Q

What are 3 consequences of increasing kVp?

A
  1. Increased anode heat production
  2. Decreased Contrast
  3. Increased dose to deep tissues
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7
Q

What is Tube current (mA)?

A
  • mA controls the # of electrons
  • When you increased ma you increase density (darkness)
  • mA controls quantity of the exposure
  • Can cause “Blooming” saturation effect
  • Increased dose to the patient
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8
Q

A smaller effective focal spot produces…

A

Sharper x-rays

Focal spot is in the anode

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9
Q

Which part of the x-ray unit produces electrons?

A

Cathode

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10
Q

Which part of the x-ray unit produces x-rays? (focal spot)

A

Anode

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11
Q

What is attenuation?

A
  1. The removal of x-ray photons
  2. The reduction in x-ray beam intensity
  3. Affected by the density of the tissue
  4. As a result of tissue absorption and scatter from the x-ray beam as it penetrates through matter
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12
Q

What 3 things does scatter result in?

A
  1. Energy deposited in the patient
  2. Contributes to image degradation
  3. Loss of image contrast
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13
Q

What is Absorption?

A

Contributes to image contrast but will increase the dose to the patient

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14
Q

What is CMOS?

A

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semidconductor

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15
Q

What does CMOS do?

A
  1. Each pixel isolated and directly connected to a transistor
  2. Char is transferred to transistor as small voltage
  3. Voltage in each transistor is read by a frame grabber then stored and displayed as a gray value
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16
Q

What is CCD?

A

Charge Coupled Device

17
Q

Describe 3 aspects of a CCD -

A
  1. Each pixel acts as a well for which a certain number of charged electrons are stored after the CCD has been exposed to x-rays
  2. Voltages in each pixel are sampled and assigned a numerical value (gray level)
  3. Image is read by transferring each row of pixel charges from one pixel to the next in a bucket brigade fashion.
18
Q

What is PSP?

A

Photostimuable Phosphor Plate

19
Q

Describe the PSP system…

A
  1. Computed Radiography (CR) for mammography
  2. PSP plate is exposed
  3. Latent image forms
  4. Latent image fluoresces when scanned with laser
  5. Fluorescent signal is read with photodiode which transmits the image data to computer
20
Q

What 7 things effect image quality?

A
  1. Spatial Resolution
  2. Noise
  3. Density
  4. Contrast Resolution
  5. Magnification
  6. Distortion
  7. Quality Control
21
Q

What is resolution?

A

Is the ability of a system to discriminate between two structures

22
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

The more line pairs that can be represented per mm, the greater the resolution capacity. Examples include: calcification in soft tissue, trabecular bone pattern

23
Q

What is noise?

A
  • Appearance of uneven density in uniformly exposed image

- Localized variations in density or “speckles” or grainy image

24
Q

What is density?

A
  • Density refers to darkness/blackness
  • Too dark means excessive density
  • Too light means insufficient density
25
Q

What is density controlled by?

A
  1. mA (milliamp)
  2. Time (sec)
  3. mAs (milliamp sec)
  4. Peak kV (kVp)
26
Q

If you INCREASE density by?

A

Increasing mA, time, mAs, kVp

27
Q

If you INCREASE distance, what happens to density?

A

Decreases

28
Q

What is contrast?

A

Contrast refers to the ability of the imaging system to distinguish different densities between objects

29
Q

Image contrast is controlled by what?

A

kVp

30
Q

If you INCREASE kVp, what happens to contrast?

A

Decrease (many shades of grey) - allows alveolar crest & trabecular bone to be visualized

31
Q

If you DECREASE kVp, what happens to contrast?

A

Increase (black and white)

Great for visualizing caries and periapical lesions

32
Q

Intraoral magnification is about…

A

4%

33
Q

Panoramic magnification is about…

A

20%

34
Q

Maximize distance between…

Minimize distance between…

A

Focal Spot and Sensor

Object and Sensor

35
Q

What is distortion?

A

Unequal magnification of different parts of the object

Can result from sensor placement error and/or incorrect alignment of central x-ray beam

Radiology (4 decks)

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