Basic Pulmonary Physiology

Question 1

Respiratory units

Answer 1

Areas of gas exchange (from proximal to distal): Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 2

Four basic lung volumes

Answer 2

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), Tidal volume (TV), Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume (RV)

Question 3

Tidal volume

Answer 3

Amount of air inhaled/exhaled with each normal breath (~0.5L)

Question 4

Residual volume

Answer 4

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after full exhalation, maintains oxygenation between breaths

Question 5

Vital capacity

Answer 5

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired/exhaled; IRV + TV + ERV

Question 6

Anatomic dead space volume

Answer 6

Area with no gas exchange from nose to terminal bronchiole (150mL)

Question 7

Physiologic dead space volume

Answer 7

Anatomic dead space volume + Alveoli dead space volume

Question 8

Alveolar ventilation per minute

Answer 8

Respiratory rate x (TV - Physiologic dead space volume)

Question 9

Minute respiratory volume

Answer 9

TV X RR

Question 10

Carbon dioxide (as CSF H+)

Answer 10

Stimulates central chemoreceptors in the medulla

Question 11

Lung zones

Answer 11

Zone 1 (no blood flow), Zone (intermittent blood flow), Zone 3 (continuous blood flow)

Question 12

Zone 2 and 3, Zone 3, Zone 3 in all areas

Answer 12

Lung zone at the base of the lungs, apex of the lungs, and during exercise respectively

Question 13

CO2, Acidosis, 2,3, DPG, Exercise, Temperature

Answer 13

CADET face RIGHT – Increase in the ff factors would cause shift to the right of the oxygen-Hgb dissociation curve (unloading of O2 from Hgb)

Question 14

Carbon monoxide, fetal hemoglobin

Answer 14

Increase in the ff factor would cause shift to the left of the O2-Hgb dissociation curve (increased binding of O2 to Hgb)

Question 15

Utilization coefficient

Answer 15

Percentage of blood that gives up its oxygen as it passes through the tissue capillaries (25% resting, 75-85% during exercise)

Question 16

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) of the medulla

Answer 16

Controls inspiration; sends inspiratory ramp signal

Question 17

Ventral respiratory group (VRG) of the medulla

Answer 17

Controls both inspiration and expiration; overdrive mechanism in exercise

Question 18

Pneumotaxic center of the pons

Answer 18

Limits inspiration and increases respiratory rate

Question 19

Apneustic center of the pons

Answer 19

Stimulates inspiraiton and decreases respiratory rate

Question 20

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 20

Made up of DRG and VRG in ventral medulla; excited by CSF H+ from blood CO2: adapt within 1-2 days

Question 21

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 21

Found in carotid bodies (CN IX) and aortic bodies (CN X); ACTIVATED WHEN po2