Basic Principles of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics Flashcards
1
Q
pharmacology
A
- study of drugs and their interactions within the human body
2
Q
drug
A
- any chemical agent that affects the living protoplasm (organism)
3
Q
adverse drug reaction
A
- any response to a drug which is harmful and unintended
- occurs at doses used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment
- side effects, drug allergies, drug interactions
4
Q
ADME
A
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- elimination
5
Q
What are the processes of pharmacokinetics?
A
- ADME
6
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
- action of the body on the drug
- study of the fate of object drugs in the body
7
Q
What are the tools used to design optimally beneficial dug therapy regimens?
A
- proper drug selection
- route of administration
- dosing schedules
8
Q
Define absorption
A
- movement of a drug from its site of administration into the central compartment and the extent to which this occurs
9
Q
How does absorption occur?
A
- passive v. active diffusion
10
Q
What affects rate of absorption?
A
- solubility
- diffusion
- ionization
11
Q
define chelation
A
- binding of metals to make them innert
12
Q
define distribution
A
- occurs after absorption
- drug transported to site where it reacts with various bodily tissues and/or receptors
- distributes into interstitial and intracellular fluids
13
Q
What determines the rate of drug delivery?
A
- cardiac output
- regional blood flow
- capillary permeability
- tissue volume
14
Q
What tissues receive the drugs first?
A
- well perfused i.e. liver, kidney, brain
15
Q
Describe the second distribution phase
A
- slower
- delivers to muscle, viscera, skin, and fat
- larger body mass
- extravascularly distribution
16
Q
What is a bound drug?
A
- a drug molecule that is with a protein
17
Q
Which type of drug (free v. bound) is able to interact with receptors and tissue?
A
- free
18
Q
Which type of drug (free v. bound) may require a higher dose?
A
- bound
- be wary of competition
19
Q
What drug characteristic causes buildup in adipose tissue?
A
- lipid soluble
20
Q
define metabolism
A
- conversion of active lipid soluble compounds to inactive water-soluble substances to be excreted primarily in the kidney
21
Q
substrate
A
- drugs metabolized by enzymes
22
Q
inhibitors
A
- drugs that prevent enzymatic effects
23
Q
inducers
A
- drugs that enhance enzyme effect
24
Q
How do inhibitors work?
A
- decrease the rate of drug metabolism by obstructing metabolizing enzymes
25
Inhibitors leads to a(n) _____ in [drug]
- increase
26
What other factors are associated with an inhibitor?
- increased 1/2 life
- accumulation
- side effects/toxicities
27
How do inducers work?
- stimulates the increase in enzymatic activity
28
Inducers _____ drug clearance and _____ [drug]
- increase
| - decrease
29
What is the prototype inducer?
- phenobarbital & phenytoin
30
define excretion/elimination
- process that removes the drug and its metabolites from the body
31
What is the primary route of elimination?
- kidney to urine
32
Besides the primary route, how are drugs eliminated?
- feces
- lungs
- skin
- breast milk
33
What factors can affect the pharmacokinetic principles?
- age
- sex
- weight
- disease states
- genetic factors
34
pharmacodynamics
- action of the drug on the body
35
What are the most common mechanisms for drug interactions?
- synergism
- antagonism
- altered cellular transport
- effects on receptor sites
36
What are the four most important parameters governing drug disposition?
- bioavailability
- volume of distribution
- clearance
- elimination
37
Define bioabilability
- (F)
| - fractional extent to which a dose of drug reaches its stie of action
38
What factors decrease F?
- GI absorption
- first-pass effect
- metabolism
- route of drug administration
39
Define volume of distribution
- (V)
| - relates the amount of drug in the body to the [drug] (C) in the blood or plasma depending on the fluid measured
40
Define half-life (t1/2)
- time it takes for the plasma concentration to be reduced by 50%
41
Define steady state
- amount of drug administered in a given period (maintenance dose) is equal to the amount eliminated in that same time
- rate in = rate out
42
T/F: A therapeutic level can be reached before steady state
- False
43
How many half lives does it take to reach a steady state?
- 5-7
44
Define drug interaction
- DI
- effect of substrate drug is changed by precipitant drug
- pharmacological result either desired or undesired
45
What are the types of DIs?
- drug
- food
- disease
46
When does pharmacokinetics occur?
- when ADME of one drug is affected by another drug/agent
47
What effects absorption?
- GI
- pH
- binding/chelation
- motility
- flora
48
define synergistic/potentiation
- additive
- interaction between two or more drugs or agents resulting in a pharmacologic response greater than the sum of the individual responses to each agent
- 1+1 = 5
49
define antagonistic
- opposition in action or smaller combined effect than individual agents
- 2+2 = 1
50
Which hepatic enzymes cause more clinically significant drug interactions, phase I or II?
- phase I
51
What does t1/2 reflect?
- decline of systemic [drug] during a dosing interval at steady-state
