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Pharmacology - Exam 1 > Basic Principles of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacology

A
  • study of drugs and their interactions within the human body
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2
Q

drug

A
  • any chemical agent that affects the living protoplasm (organism)
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3
Q

adverse drug reaction

A
  • any response to a drug which is harmful and unintended
  • occurs at doses used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment
  • side effects, drug allergies, drug interactions
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4
Q

ADME

A
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • elimination
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5
Q

What are the processes of pharmacokinetics?

A
  • ADME
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6
Q

pharmacokinetics

A
  • action of the body on the drug

- study of the fate of object drugs in the body

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7
Q

What are the tools used to design optimally beneficial dug therapy regimens?

A
  • proper drug selection
  • route of administration
  • dosing schedules
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8
Q

Define absorption

A
  • movement of a drug from its site of administration into the central compartment and the extent to which this occurs
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9
Q

How does absorption occur?

A
  • passive v. active diffusion
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10
Q

What affects rate of absorption?

A
  • solubility
  • diffusion
  • ionization
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11
Q

define chelation

A
  • binding of metals to make them innert
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12
Q

define distribution

A
  • occurs after absorption
  • drug transported to site where it reacts with various bodily tissues and/or receptors
  • distributes into interstitial and intracellular fluids
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13
Q

What determines the rate of drug delivery?

A
  • cardiac output
  • regional blood flow
  • capillary permeability
  • tissue volume
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14
Q

What tissues receive the drugs first?

A
  • well perfused i.e. liver, kidney, brain
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15
Q

Describe the second distribution phase

A
  • slower
  • delivers to muscle, viscera, skin, and fat
  • larger body mass
  • extravascularly distribution
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16
Q

What is a bound drug?

A
  • a drug molecule that is with a protein
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17
Q

Which type of drug (free v. bound) is able to interact with receptors and tissue?

A
  • free
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18
Q

Which type of drug (free v. bound) may require a higher dose?

A
  • bound

- be wary of competition

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19
Q

What drug characteristic causes buildup in adipose tissue?

A
  • lipid soluble
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20
Q

define metabolism

A
  • conversion of active lipid soluble compounds to inactive water-soluble substances to be excreted primarily in the kidney
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21
Q

substrate

A
  • drugs metabolized by enzymes
22
Q

inhibitors

A
  • drugs that prevent enzymatic effects
23
Q

inducers

A
  • drugs that enhance enzyme effect
24
Q

How do inhibitors work?

A
  • decrease the rate of drug metabolism by obstructing metabolizing enzymes
25
Q

Inhibitors leads to a(n) _____ in [drug]

A
  • increase
26
Q

What other factors are associated with an inhibitor?

A
  • increased 1/2 life
  • accumulation
  • side effects/toxicities
27
Q

How do inducers work?

A
  • stimulates the increase in enzymatic activity
28
Q

Inducers _____ drug clearance and _____ [drug]

A
  • increase

- decrease

29
Q

What is the prototype inducer?

A
  • phenobarbital & phenytoin
30
Q

define excretion/elimination

A
  • process that removes the drug and its metabolites from the body
31
Q

What is the primary route of elimination?

A
  • kidney to urine
32
Q

Besides the primary route, how are drugs eliminated?

A
  • feces
  • lungs
  • skin
  • breast milk
33
Q

What factors can affect the pharmacokinetic principles?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • weight
  • disease states
  • genetic factors
34
Q

pharmacodynamics

A
  • action of the drug on the body
35
Q

What are the most common mechanisms for drug interactions?

A
  • synergism
  • antagonism
  • altered cellular transport
  • effects on receptor sites
36
Q

What are the four most important parameters governing drug disposition?

A
  • bioavailability
  • volume of distribution
  • clearance
  • elimination
37
Q

Define bioabilability

A
  • (F)

- fractional extent to which a dose of drug reaches its stie of action

38
Q

What factors decrease F?

A
  • GI absorption
  • first-pass effect
  • metabolism
  • route of drug administration
39
Q

Define volume of distribution

A
  • (V)

- relates the amount of drug in the body to the [drug] (C) in the blood or plasma depending on the fluid measured

40
Q

Define half-life (t1/2)

A
  • time it takes for the plasma concentration to be reduced by 50%
41
Q

Define steady state

A
  • amount of drug administered in a given period (maintenance dose) is equal to the amount eliminated in that same time
  • rate in = rate out
42
Q

T/F: A therapeutic level can be reached before steady state

A
  • False
43
Q

How many half lives does it take to reach a steady state?

A
  • 5-7
44
Q

Define drug interaction

A
  • DI
  • effect of substrate drug is changed by precipitant drug
  • pharmacological result either desired or undesired
45
Q

What are the types of DIs?

A
  • drug
  • food
  • disease
46
Q

When does pharmacokinetics occur?

A
  • when ADME of one drug is affected by another drug/agent
47
Q

What effects absorption?

A
  • GI
  • pH
  • binding/chelation
  • motility
  • flora
48
Q

define synergistic/potentiation

A
  • additive
  • interaction between two or more drugs or agents resulting in a pharmacologic response greater than the sum of the individual responses to each agent
  • 1+1 = 5
49
Q

define antagonistic

A
  • opposition in action or smaller combined effect than individual agents
  • 2+2 = 1
50
Q

Which hepatic enzymes cause more clinically significant drug interactions, phase I or II?

A
  • phase I
51
Q

What does t1/2 reflect?

A
  • decline of systemic [drug] during a dosing interval at steady-state

Pharmacology - Exam 1 (4 decks)

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