Basic Principles of Memory Flashcards
What are the three broad types of memory?
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Are memory and IQ related?
Greater short-term memory = greater fluid intelligence, but not crystallised intelligence.
What is fluid intelligence?
Ability to reason & consider & resolve newly encountered problems (without prior experience or information to aid)
What is crystallised intelligence?
Accumulation of knowledge, facts & skills throughout life. Can assist with more rapid resolution of problems (or avoiding them in the first place).
What are the three steps needed for long-term memories?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
A theory postulates that there are 3 separate memory stores (sensory, short-term and long-term). What is the name of this theory?
Multi-modal memory
What determines whether a memory makes it from sensory to short-term memory?
Salience - is it worth remembering? If so - attention needs to be paid to it.
What is the ability to recognise and identify relevant stimuli in the environment called?
Attention
What are the two types of attention?
Sustained attention
Selective attention
What is sustained attention?
Ability to focus on stimulus for a period of time.
What is selective attention?
Ability to focus on a stimulus whilst ignoring other sensory inputs.
How are short-term memories transferred to long-term memories?
Via encoding
What is it called when long-term memories are recalled into short-term memory?
Retrieval
How many items can short-term memory hold?
7 (+/- 2)
What is the name of stores for visual sensory information?
Iconic stores
What is the name of stores for auditory sensory information?
Echoic stores
How long does sensory memory last?
Visual - milliseconds
Echoic - a little bit longer
Tactile / hepatic - quite a bit longer
Where does salience take place?
In the sensory memory
What process helps encoding of short term memories into long term memories?
Rehearsal
When does consolidation of memories occur?
During REM sleep
What is the control of working memory called?
Central executive
What does the central executive do?
Allocates data between phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad & episodic buffer.
Also deals with problem-solving & mental arithmetic.
What is repeating sounds on a loop as part of rehearsal called?
Phonological loop
What is the ability to hold temporary visual and spatial information known as?
Visuospatial sketchpad
What is the episodic buffer?
Temporary store in working memory - integrates information, maintaining sense of time & sequence of events
What does the phonological store do?
Holds speech / written information for a short time
