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biology 108 > basic principles of biology > Flashcards

basic principles of biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the amino acid that make up proteins and glucose molecules that make up starch are both examples of

A

monomers

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2
Q

what chemical process breaks large molecules apart. during this process water molecules are ___?

A

hydrolysis reaction/ consumed

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3
Q

what monomers are released if a molecule of the protein myosin is hydrolyzed

A

amino acid

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3
Q

what are the three tails found on a trigylceride lipid?

A

oligosaccharides

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4
Q

how is a denatured protein different from a normal protein?

A

a denatured protein has an altered shape

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4
Q

two examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA/RNA

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5
Q

what is the smallest structure that can show all properties of life?

A

a cell

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6
Q

smallest to largest

A

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ system

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7
Q

which domain of like do humans belong to?

A

eukarya

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8
Q

in a double blind clinical study of a drug, the patients receiving a placebo are an example of what?

A

negative control group

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9
Q

why does boiling water destroy the activity of many enzymes?

A

heat denatures (changes the shape) of the enzyme

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10
Q

why do gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria stain differently?

A

gram-negative bacteria have a much thinner peptidoglycan

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11
Q

cells use the process of mitosis to __

A

separate sister chromatids

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12
Q

what is produced when a single human cell undergoes all the steps of meiosis?

A

4 cells each with 23 chromosomes

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13
Q

what is contained within a follicle?

A

oocytes

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14
Q

what can’t diffuse across a phospholipid bilayer?

A

sucrose

15
Q

what cell structure is the site of ribosome assembly

A

nucleolous

16
Q

what blood type is “universal recipient”

A

AB+

17
Q

codons consist of __ and are found in molecules of __

A

3 nucleotides, mRNA

18
Q

what is the function of spindle microtubules in mitosis

A

move chromosomes

19
Q

you might need an artificial pacemaker if you have ___

A

a defective atrioventricular node

20
Q

blood flow

A

vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

21
Q

what major blood vessels return oxygenated blood to the heart

A

pulmonary veins

22
Q

which structure would you expect to have the highest level of protein synthesis

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

with few exceptions, hydrophilic molecules cannot cross a phospholipid bilayer. but in real cells, these molecules can. why?

A

certain proteins in membranes act as transpoters

24
Q

a phospholipid bilayer is the basic structure associated with all __

A

biological membranes

25
Q

in which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align along the equator of the dividing cell

A

metaphase

26
Q

what energy storage polysaccharide do humans commonly store in their liver and muscles

A

glycogen

27
Q

how are blood cells of different blood types distinguished from each other

A

different oligosaccharides are attached to their surface

28
Q

specific enzymes typically catalyze a single type of reaction. a major factor that is responsible for this specificity is __

A

the shapes of the enzyme and substrate

29
Q

what are the 4 major families of biological molecules

A

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins

30
Q

how are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells different

A

only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus

31
Q

traces of iodine are added to table salt as a public health measure. what disease is this designed to prevent

A

goiter

32
Q

muscle motility utilizes what proteins

A

actin and myosin

33
Q

what genetic material are in viral structures

A

nucleic acids, DNA, RNA

34
Q

transcription

A

DNA->RNA

35
Q

translation

A

RNA->protein

biology 108 (2 decks)

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