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biology 108 > anatomy exam 4 cards > Flashcards

anatomy exam 4 cards Flashcards

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1
Q

define mediastinum and location

A

region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

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2
Q

difference between apex and base

A

the apex is at the bottom and lies left to the midline, the base is at the top where the great vessels enter the heart and is posterior

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3
Q

define artery and vein

A

artery carry’s blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart

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4
Q

describe the organization of the heart into 2 separate pumps

A

atria that receives blood returning from the heart, ventricles that function as blood pumps

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5
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs

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6
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

receives oxygen-poor blood from the rest of the body

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7
Q

pericardium

A

triple layered sac that enclosed the heart

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8
Q

visceral pericardium

A

serous pericardium that covers the heart

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9
Q

parietal pericardium

A

thin sac of tissue that surrounds the heart

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10
Q

pericardial sac

A

a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels

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11
Q

layers of the heart (internal-> external)

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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12
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart

A

left and right atria and left and right ventricles

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13
Q

difference between mitral valve and tricuspid valve

A

mitral valve allows blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle, tricuspid valve allows blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle

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14
Q

difference between heartbeat and heart rate

A

heartbeat is a single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction, and heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute

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15
Q

what are the four valves and what are their locations and structures

A

the mitral and the tricuspid valves, move blood from the upper chambers of the heart to the lower chambers of the heart . the atrioventricular and semilunar valves, move blood to the lungs and the rest of the body through the ventricles

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16
Q

cause of each of the two heart sounds

A

the “lub” sounds is the closing of AV valves, and “dub” sound is the closing of SL valves

17
Q

what are the 3 main types of vessels and what is the flow of blood between them

A

arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins return blood to the heart, and capillaries connect arteries and veins

18
Q

describe the structure and function of the 3 types of arteries

A

elastic arteries help dampen the pressure pulses produced by the heartbeat, muscular arteries carry blood to specific organs and organ regions, and arterioles regulate the flow of blood into capillary beds

19
Q

explain the structural basis of capillary permeability and describe the routes

A

Direct diffusion,Through intercellular clefts,Through cytoplasmic vesicles, Through fenestrations

20
Q

explain the location and function of precapillary sphincters

A

regulate the flow of blood to tissues in capillary beds

21
Q

what are the names of the tunics of blood vessel walls

A

tunica interia, tunica media, tunica externa

22
Q

what is the function of valves in veins

A

they prevent backflow of blood

23
Q

what is vascular anastomoses and what is the function

A

where vessels interconnect, it provides collateral channels for blood to reach the same organ

24
Q

what is vasa vasorum and what is its function

A

small blood vessels in the tunica externa that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the vessel wall

25
Q

what are the major vessels of the pulmonary circuit, and why are the pulmonary arteries colored blue and the veins red

A

pulmonary arteries and veins, the arteries are blue because they are carrying deoxygenated blood, and the veins are red because they carry oxygenated blood

26
Q

what fetal vessels carry blood to and from the placenta

A

the umbilical arteries and umbilical veins

27
Q

Describe what happens to the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale at birth

A

the ductus arteriosus constricts and closes and the foramen ovale pushed the two valve flaps closed

28
Q

identify the adult structures derived from the ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and umbilical arteries and veins

A

ligamentum venosus, ligamentum arteriosum, fossa ovale,

29
Q

Describe the effects of heart innervation by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

the parasympathetic fibers decrease the heart rate and the sympathetic fibers increase the heart rate and strength of contractions

30
Q

List several age-related changes that affect the heart

A

hardening and thickening of the cusps of the heart, decline in cardiac reserve and fibrosis of cardiac muscle

31
Q

difference between the respiratory and conducting zones

A

the respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange and the conducting zone is the respiratory passageway that conveys air

32
Q

what are the two types of mucosa which line the respiratory tract

A

olfactory mucosa which houses olfactory receptors and respiratory mucosa which lines the nasal cavity

33
Q

structure and function of pharynx

A

funnel shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities

34
Q

the structure and function of trachea

A

c-shaped cartilage that keeps the airway open

35
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

process of air flowing into and out of the lungs

36
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases in internal environments

37
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases in the lungs

38
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar walls and it causes the loss of lung elasticity

39
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

an inherited disease where the exocrine gland is disrupted

biology 108 (2 decks)

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