Basic Principles

Question 0

What is surface scatter?

Answer 0

Visible near the surface of the ground

Question 1

The finding of archaeological sites is called?

Answer 1

Archaeological survey

Question 2

Ground Penetrating Radar

Answer 2

Sends electromagnetic waves into the ground (difference frequencies reveal remains)

Question 3

Ground Penetrating Radar (Frequency types)

Answer 3

Sonar, resistivity, and magnetometry

Question 4

Aerial Reconnaissance

Answer 4

Underground features easier seen from an aerial view

Question 5

Oblique Photography (Aerial Photography)

Answer 5

Satellite imagery; present or past photography that gives visuals of previous cultures and cities from thousands of years ago

Question 6

Two methods of Geological surveying

Answer 6

Aerial Reconnaissance and Oblique Photography

Question 7

Subfields of archaeology include:

Answer 7

Lithics, zooarchaeology, human osteology, archaeolebotany, geoarchaeology and bioarchaeology

Question 8

Lithics

Answer 8

Stone tools or ceramics

Question 9

Zooarchaeology

Answer 9

Ancient animals remains

-Answers: subsistences, trade, and climate/enviroment

Question 10

Human Osteology

Answer 10

Ancient human remains

Question 11

Archaroleobotany

Answer 11

Ancient plant remains

-Answers: subsistences, trade, and climate/enviorment

Question 12

Geoarchaeology

Answer 12

Ancient sediments

Question 13

Bioarchaeology

Answer 13

Stable isotopes, residyes, and ancient DNA

Question 14

Vertical emphasis

Answer 14

The examination of multiple periods of use/occupations (accumulation)

• Enables visual of depth of occupation and view change over time
• Reveals stratification

Question 15

Horizontal Emphasis

Answer 15

Exposure of a single layer (on a large scale)

• Focus on occupational phase
• Limited examination of change (don’t know what’s underneath)

Question 16

Stratigraphy (Excavation)

Answer 16

Layers of cultural and natural materials that accumulate on top of each other (bottom = older; top = newer)

Question 17

Context (Excavation)

Answer 17

In Stitu locations and associations (in 3-D forms) of finds

Question 18

Artifacts (Types of Remains)

Answer 18

Portable objects made or altered by humans (i.e. tools)

-Can start as something natural like bone (bone -> spear = tool)

Question 19

Ecofacts (Types of Remains)

Answer 19

Natural remains (i.e. animals, plants, or sediments - not altered for human use) resulting from human activity

Question 20

Features (Types of Remains)

Answer 20

Cannot be moved; non-portable objects (i.e. houses, walls, burials, fireplaces, etc.)

Question 21

Site and Settlement Patterns (Types of Remains)

Answer 21

Spacial distribution of rooms, sites, or groups of sites to find a connection between

Question 22

Artifact Analysis (Materials Analysis)

Answer 22

Understanding of how tools were made through replication studies and stylistic studies
-Determination of connection between archaeological sites

Question 23

Replication Studies

Answer 23

Producing and using analogs of ancient tools or structures

-Answers: technology and logistics

Question 24

Material Analysis (Petrography)

Answer 24

Colored smears (i.e. crystals which made up a vessel structure which can determine a society), trace element analysis
-Answers: trade and technology

Question 25

Stylistic Analysis

Answer 25

Examination of “stylistic” attributes

Question 26

Stable Isotopes

Answer 26

Diets, mobility, economy, climate/environment, and social status

Question 27

Residue Analysis

Answer 27

Economy (reconstruct civilization’s use of cooking pots and storage vessels)

Question 28

Ancient DNA

Answer 28

Species identity and relatedness, human identity, and domestication