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BDS1 - Week 1 HB > Basic Physiological Principles > Flashcards

Basic Physiological Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of function and activity of life or living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical reactions involved

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2
Q

outline the basic structure of the human body

A

Chemicals (molecular)
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems

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3
Q

describe the human body at a molecular level

A

-The human body is composed of atoms organized into molecules
-Atoms and molecules undergo chemical reactions

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4
Q

describe cells

A

-Basic living units
-Smallest subdivision able to carry out all life processes
-Contain organelles
-Specialized for specific physiological roles

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5
Q

define organelles

A

Structures that have specific functions

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6
Q

why is specialisation important for cells?

A

it allows cells to control reactions in different ways to carry out specialist functions

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7
Q

describe tissue

A

-Groups of specialised cells (cells with interconnected function)
-Interaction among cells leads to functions single cells cannot effectively do alone

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8
Q

give examples of different tissues

A

-nervous tissue
-muscle tissue
-connective tissue
-epithelial tissue

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9
Q

describe epithelial tissue

A

-forms body surfaces e.g. skin, oral mucosa
-secrete substances e.g. in gut
-absorb substances e.g. in respiratory system
-allow movement through cilia

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10
Q

describe connective tissue

A

-very diverse
-produce extracellular matrix which provides structure
-cartilage and bone are connective tissues
-helps with signalling in body
-contains fibroblast which helps determine function of cells

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11
Q

describe muscle tissue

A

-muscles contract and allow movement
-can be cardiac, smooth or skeletal
-generates tension, movement and heat

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12
Q

describe nervous (neuronal) tissue

A

-controls responses of body
-made up of nerve cells which together, send signals from one part of the body to other parts
-helps maintain functions of parts of body

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13
Q

describe organs

A

-structures consisting of at least two tissue types
-perform a specific function related to the whole body

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14
Q

describe organ systems

A

-groups of organs performing related functions
-enable basic functions needed to maintain overall homeostasis

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15
Q

name 10 major organ systems

A

-nervous
-endocrine
-respiratory
-integumentary
-urinary
-digestive
-immune
-musculoskeletal
-circulatory
-reproductive

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16
Q

what is the nervous system for?

A

Communication and control

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17
Q

what is the endocrine system for?

A

Communication and control

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18
Q

what is the respiratory system for?

A

Gas exchange, pH balance

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19
Q

what is the integumentary system for?

A

Barrier between interior of body and exterior, thermoregulation

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20
Q

what is the urinary system for?

A

Waste removal, water and ion balance

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21
Q

what is the digestive system for?

A

Obtain raw materials from exterior

22
Q

what is the immune system for?

A

Protect body from foreign substances, other organisms and cancer cells

23
Q

what is the musculoskeletal system for?

A

Movement, structure, support, protection, heat generation

24
Q

what is the circulatory system for?

A

Transportation of most materials throughout body

25
Q

what is the reproductive system for?

A

continuation of the species

26
Q

describe the internal environment

A

-interior of body and environment in cells
-about 67% water

27
Q

why is a lot of the internal environment water?

A

-provides a liquid environment
-high specific heat capacity SO doesnt change temp easily
-polar solvent SO only dissolves certain substances SO body has control over components of internal environment

28
Q

what are attributes of the internal environment?

A

-nutrients
-waste
-O2 and CO2
-temp of 37°C
-pH of 7.4
-salts
-fluid volume

29
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment

30
Q

what does a sensor do?

A

monitors internal conditions, detects changes

31
Q

what does the integrating centre (controller) do?

A

changes are transmitted to controller and it integrates all info

32
Q

what does the effector do?

A

responds to changes and the activity of the effector results in return of condition to normal level

33
Q

name the 3 regulatory mechanism components

A

-sensor
-intergrating center (controller)
-effector

34
Q

what is feedback?

A

return of the output to the input part of a system

35
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

A response to a change in the body that counteracts or opposes the initial change - it is the most common type of feedback

36
Q

what are examples of negative feedback?

A

-insulin in blood glucose regulation
-temperature regulation

37
Q

insulin in blood glucose regulation

A
38
Q

temperature regulation

A
39
Q

does homeostasis mean that conditions all remain the same?

A

no, it is a dynamic process where body is constantly trying to make the conditions return to their original levels

40
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

feedback where the change in condition leads to a response from the effector that amplifies the change

41
Q

describe childbirth as an example of positive feedback

A

when body is read to give birth:
-pituitary glands release oxytocin which causes uterine contractions
-this produces prostaglandins and stimulate cervical stretch
-these both further stimulate the contractions which further produce prostaglandins and stimulate cervical stretch

42
Q

explain blood clotting as an example of positive feedback

A

the end point is a blood clot so positive feedback drives the process until the clot is formed

43
Q

what happens if homeostasis is not maintained?

A

diseases such as diabetes or cancer

44
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

Metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

45
Q

what is a characteristic of diabetes mellitus

A

Hyperglycaemia (🡹 blood glucose)

46
Q

what is the consequence of diabetes mellitus

A

High morbidity (illness) & mortality (death)

47
Q

describe diabetes as failed homeostasis

A

-feedback mechanism does not work becasue the sensor for high levels of glucose is not working or the effector (liver) does not release insulin as a response
-diabetes mellitus is the metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism and it is characterised by hyperglycaemia

48
Q

what oral disease is due to diabetes

A

Gum diseases (periodontitis & gingivitis) very common:
-Red & swollen gums
-Increased bleeding while brushing
-Increased plaque

49
Q

what does gum disease lead to

A

Gum disease is followed by:
-tooth decay
-Inflamed & sore tissues, ulcers

50
Q

describe cancer as failed homeostasis

A

-caused by mutations in DNA of malignant cells
-causes changes in behaviour of cells including communications with other cells
-disrupts tissue homeostasis so normal tissue structure breaks down so cancer spreads

BDS1 - Week 1 HB (3 decks)

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