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Physics Component 1 > Basic Physics, Kinematics, Dynamics, Energy Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Physics, Kinematics, Dynamics, Energy Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

[def] Quantity

A

In SI: a number x a unit

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2
Q

[def] Scalar

A

Quantity with magnitude only

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3
Q

[def] Vector

A

Quantity with magnitude and direction

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4
Q

[def] Resolving a vector into components in particular directions

A 
find vectors (components) in these directions, which vectorially add to make the original vector.
Components are equivalent to original vector
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5
Q

[def] Density of a material (ρ)

A

Density = Mass/Volume
UNIT: kg m−3 or g cm-3
In which mass and volume apply to any sample of the material.

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6
Q

[def] Moment of a force

A

Moment of a force about a point is the force x the perpendicular distance from the point to the pivot
moment = F x d
UNIT: N m [unit is NOT J]

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7
Q

[def] Principle of moments

A

For a system to be in equilibrium, sum of total anticlockwise moments about a point = sum of total clockwise moments about the same point

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8
Q

[def] Center of gravity

A

the single point within a body at which the entire WEIGHT of the body may be considered to act.

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9
Q

Random errors

A

Reduced by repeat readings because they are out of your control

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10
Q

Systematic errors

A

reduced by calibrating the equipment because they are from the measuring equipment (or operator)

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11
Q

How to lay out uncertainty

A

quantity x ± u (then units here)

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12
Q

Uncertainty: how much?

A

Instrument resolution (when one reading)
or
Half the range (when spread of readings)
LARGEST ONE

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13
Q

How to reduce uncertainty (x2)

A 
Larger quantity (or divide down)
More precise instrument
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14
Q

percentage uncertainty calculation

A

(estimated uncertainty) / (mean value) X 100 %

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15
Q

uncertainty: multiply or divide quantity

A

add %u

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16
Q

uncertainty: multiplied by constant

A

SAME, UNCHANGED %u

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17
Q

uncertainty: raise quantity to power

A

%u multiplied by same power

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18
Q

uncertainty: add or subtract quantity

A

Add absolute u

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19
Q

SI units

A

kg, m, s, A, mol, K

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20
Q

two things to for a system to be in equilibrium

A

no net moment

no resultant force

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21
Q

[def] Displacement

A

Displacement of point B from point A is the shortest distance from A to B, together with the direction
UNIT: m

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22
Q

[def] mean speed

A

mean speed = (total distance traveled) / (total time taken)
= (delta x) / (delta t)
UNIT: m s-1

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23
Q

[def] Instantaneous speed

A

Rate of chance of distance

UNIT: m s-1

24
Q

[def] mean velocity

A

mean velocity = (total displacement) / (total time taken)

UNIT: m s-1

25
Q

[def] instantaneous velocity

A

rate of change of displacement

UNIT: m s-1

26
Q

[def] mean acceleration

A

mean acceleration = (change in velocity) / (time taken)
= (delta v)/ (delta t)
UNIT: m s-2

27
Q

[def] instantaneous acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity

UNIT m s-2

28
Q

[def] terminal velocity

A

the terminal velocity is the CONSTANT, MAXIMUM velocity of an object
when resistive forces on it are equal and opposite to the ‘accelerating’ force (ie the pull of gravity)

29
Q

[def] Force, F

A

A force on a body is a push or a bull acting on the body from some external body
UNIT: N

30
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

If an object experiences no resultant force, then its velocity is constant

31
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert a force on body A that is EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE and OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION

N3L pairs = same types of force (gravitational, contact, frictional, magnetic)

32
Q

Newtons’s second Law (more ‘complex’ definition)

A

The rate of change of momenta of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on it, and takes place in the direction of that force.

33
Q

Newton’s second law (‘easier’ definition)

A

(sum of F) = m a
Mass of a body x its acceleration is equal to the vector sum of the forces acting on the body
This vector sum is called the resultant force

34
Q

s-t graph:
Grad?
Area?

A

grad = acceleration

area under= distance

35
Q

v-t graph:

Grad?

A

+ve grad = forwards motion

-ve grad = backwards motion

36
Q

d-t graph:
Grad?
Line shape?

A

grad = velocity

curved line = accelerating

37
Q

SUVAT

A 
v = u +at
s= vt - ½a(t^2)
s= ut + ½a(t^2)
s= ½(v+u)t
(v^2)= (u^2) +2as
38
Q

Projectile motion: how?

A

Split into horizontal and vertical components
Time will be same
Horizontal = s=vt
Vertical= SUVAT

39
Q

Projectile motion: Horizontal and vertical - why?

A

SUVAT vertical because constant acceleration due to gravity

s=vt horizontal because we can ignore air resistance

PERPENDICULAR COMPONENTS ARE INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER

40
Q

[def] Momentum

A

The momentum of an object is its mass multiplied by its velocity (p = m v).
Momentum is a vector.
UNIT: kg m s-1 or N s

41
Q

[def] Principle of conservation of momentum

A

The vector sum of the momenta of bodies in a system stays constant (even if forces act BETWEEN the bodies)
Provided there is NO EXTERNAL resultant force.

42
Q

[def] Elastic collision

A

Collision when there is NO CHANGE in total KE

43
Q

[def] Inelastic collision

A

Collision when KE is LOST

44
Q

Momentum –> Impulse

A

N2L:
F= ma —-> v/t = a
F=(delta m v)/t (force = rate of change of momenta)

(delta m v) = F (delta t)
Change in momentum = impulse

N1L:
momentum is constant if there is no external force (F=0 so F t =0)
change in momentum=0

45
Q

[def] Principle of conservation of energy

A

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another”

Energy is a Scalar.

46
Q

[def] Work, W

A

Work done by a force is the product of the magnitude of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.
W=F x cos(theta)
UNIT: J

47
Q

[def] Potential Energy Ep: Definition and equation

A

Energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position

Ep = mgh
UNIT: J

48
Q

[def] Kinetic energy, Ek: Definition and equation

A

Energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion

Ek= ½m(v^2)
UNIT: J

49
Q

[def] Elastic Potential Energy: Definition and equation

A

Energy possessed by an object when it has been deformed due to forces acting on it

Eelastic = ½Fx = ½ k(x^2)
k = spring constant, x = stretch or extension

UNIT: J

50
Q

[def] Energy

A

The energy of a body or system is the amound of qork it can do
UNIT: J

51
Q

[def] Power, P

A

Power is the work done per second, or energy transferred per second
or rate of work or rate of energy transfer

UNIT: W = J s-1

52
Q

Work done equivalent to

A

Change in KE

53
Q

Stability: more stable (x2)

A

Lower center of gravity

Wider base

54
Q

Stability: equation

A

tan(theta) = w/h

55
Q

Stability: when topple?

A

Object will topple when the center of gravity passes over the corner

56
Q

Friction and drag re efficiency

A

Friction and drag –> energy transferred from system –> system’s efficiency decreases

Physics Component 1 (3 decks)

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