Basic overview of structures of respiratory system, outer lung anatomy and hilum, pluera

Question 1

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Nose, mouth, nasal cavities, Paranasal sinuses, Pharynx

Question 2

The nose, mouth, nasal cavities, and pharynx all make up the upper respiratory pathway. State their function.

Answer 2

Mouth and nose - passageway for air

Nasal cavigy - filters, warms and moistens air

Pharynx - common passageway for air, food and liquid

Question 3

The trachea, pleaural membranes, lungs, bronci and alveoil are all part of the lower respiratory tract. State each of their function

Answer 3

Trachea: Main conducting airway

Pleural membranes: There are two, one covers the lungs whilst another lines the chest cavity.

Lungs: organ of gas exchange

Bronci: Passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs

Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange

Question 4

The upper respiratory system has an important role in filtering, warming and humidifying incoming air, protecting the lower respiratory system. What does it do to outgoing air?

Answer 4

Cools and dehumidifies it.

Question 5

State the order of branching in the bronchial tree.

Answer 5

Primary > Secondary>Tertiary>Bronchioles>Terminal bronchioles> Respiratory bronchioles

Question 6

Label these parts of the pharynx

Answer 6

Question 7

Each lung is covered by a double membrane called the pleaura. What are these both called, and what is the name of the space that separates these two membranous layers?

Answer 7

Outer: Parietal

Inner: Visceral

Parietal cavity separates them

Question 8

Describe the parietal pleura

Answer 8

Membrane that covers the internal surfaces of the internal cavity.

Question 9

The parietal pleura can be divided into different regions according to the bits of the body it comes into contact with:

Cervical

Costa

Mediastinal

Diaphragmatic

Question 10

Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity. The two pleaural cavities are separated by what other thoracic cavity?

Answer 10

Mediastinum

Question 11

Describe the visceral pluera

Answer 11

Membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs, extending into the fisseues between the lobes.

Question 12

Describe the parietal cavity, and state the functions of the serous fluid

Answer 12

A potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura. It contains pleural fluid.

Pleaural fluid functions:

• lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae, allowing them to slide over each other
• it also produces a surface tension, pulling the parietal and visceral layer together - this ensures as the thoax expands, the lung also expands and fills with air

Question 13

The parietal pleaura is sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature. What is it’s innervation?

Answer 13

• Phrenic nerve
• Intercostal nerves

Question 14

The visceral pleura is not sensitive to pain, temperature or touch. What is it’s innervation?

Answer 14

• Vagus nerve
• Branches from the sympathetic chain

Together forms the pulmonary plexus

Question 15

What is the blood supply for parietal pleura?

Answer 15

Intercostal arteries

Question 16

What is the blood supply for the visceral pleura?

Answer 16

Bronchial arteries

Question 17

The apex of the lung points in what direction?

Answer 17

Superiorly

Question 18

How many lobes do each of the lungs have?

Answer 18

Right - 3

Left -2

Question 19

Label the lobes and fissues

Answer 19

Question 20

Which lung is broader, and which lung is longer? Why?

Answer 20

• Right lung is broader, since heart takes up more space meaning left is thinner
• Left lung is broader, since the diaphragm is pushed up because up the underlying liver

Question 21

What lung has the cardiac notch?

Answer 21

Left

Question 22

The lung root is a collection of structures that connects the mediastinal surface of tbe lung to the mediastinum via a ROOT. What are the contents of a root?

Answer 22

• A bronchus
• Pulmonary artery
• two pulmonary veins
• bronchial vessels
• pulmonary plexus of nerves
• lymphatic vessels.

Question 23

The hilum serves as an attachement between the lung root and th lung. It is an area where anatomical structures enter and leave the lung. What anatomical side of the lung is the hilum found?

Answer 23

Medial

Question 24

Label

Answer 24

Question 25

Label

Answer 25

Question 26

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Answer 26

Bronchial arteries

Question 28

What is the venous supply to the lungs?

Answer 28

Bronchial veins

Question 29

Describe the parasymathetic, sympathetic and visceral afferent supplies of the lungs

Answer 29

Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve - stimulate contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of pulmonary vessels

Sympathetic: Derived from the sympathetic trunks - stimualte relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels

Visceral afferent: Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve