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Companion Animal Nutrition > Basic Nutrients > Flashcards

Basic Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of saliva?

A

Lubricates food and in some species it contains Ptyalin which begins the breakdown of food ( present in dogs but not cats)

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2
Q

What is the name of the muscular movement of food through the digestive tract?

A

Peristalsis

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3
Q

What is the role of HCl in the digestion of proteins?

A

lowers the pH of stomach contents which activates pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin plays an important role in digesting proteins

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4
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down milk fats?

A

Gastric Lipase

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5
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in digestion?

A

Neutralises the pH of the stomach contents before entry into small intestine to allow pancreatic enzymes to function effectively

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6
Q

What effect does Bile have on fats?

A

Emulsifies them (helps breakdown)

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7
Q

Name some disaccharidases

A

Sucrase, lactase, maltase

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8
Q

How are products of fat digestion absorbed?

A

Through the lacteals in the villi of the small intestine , then transported to the cysterna chyli and then the thoracic duct and then into the bloodstream

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9
Q

What solid nutrient is found in the highest quantity in dry dog food?

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

What is the average daily water intake for cats and dogs?

A

Approx 50mls/kg/day

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11
Q

What amino acid is essential to cats but not to dogs?

A

Taurine - cats cannot synthesize this in the body from the excesses of other amino acids

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12
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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13
Q

Name the water-soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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14
Q

What is the main difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins?

A

Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the fat tissue and are therefore less prone to deficiencies and more prone to toxicosis. Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored and are more prone to becoming depleted

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15
Q

What is the chemical name for Vitamin A?

A

Retinol

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16
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A

Necessary for vision, reproduction, immunity and bone growth, maintenance of epithelium

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17
Q

What are sources of Vitamin A?

A

Fish oils
Liver
Plant sources in the form of carotenes (need activation in the body - peppers, sweet potatoes, carrots)

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18
Q

What are the consequences of an excess of vitamin A?

A

Skeletal malformations e.g. fusion of vertebrae in cats, bones overgrow
Hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity in skin)

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19
Q

What are the consequences of a Vitamin A deficiency?

A 
Night Blindness
Xerophthalmia (conjunctiva dryness)
Impaired growth
Reproductive failure
Loss of epithelial integrity
Dermatoses
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20
Q

Any specific info relating to Cats and Vitamin A?

A

Cats cannot produce the active form of Vit A so need to consume it in their diet e.g. eggs, fish oil

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21
Q

What is the chemical name of Vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol (D3) (found in animals)

Ergocalciferol (D2) (found in plants)

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22
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Essential for calcium and phosphorous metabolism

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23
Q

What are sources of Vitamin D?

A 
Marine fish and fish oils
Liver
Egg yolks
Plants
UV (activates the provitamin creating cholecalciferol in the skin)
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24
Q

What are the consequences of an excess of Vitamin D?

A

Hypercalcaemia
Soft tissue mineralisation
Renal failure

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25
Q

What are the consequences of a deficiency of Vitamin D?

A

Poor bone mineralization
(rickets in young animals; osteomalacia in adults)
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
(too much PTH released as trying to correct Ca levels)

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26
Q

What is the chemical name for Vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols

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27
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant - defends against oxidative damage in cells

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28
Q

What are sources of Vitamin E?

A

only found in plants

Vegetable oils, seeds and grains

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29
Q

What are the consequences of an excess of Vitamin E? (rare)

A

Can impair absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins

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30
Q

What are the consequences of a deficiency of Vitamin E?

A

Pansteatitis in cats (inflammation of body fat)
Degenerative skeletal muscle disease
Impaired male reproductive function
Failure of gestation

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31
Q

What is the chemical name for Vitamin K?

A

Quinones

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32
Q

What Is the function of Vit k?

A

Activates blood clotting factors

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33
Q

What are the sources of Vit k?

A

Green leafy plants/vegetables

Bacteria in Liver

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34
Q

What are the consequences of an excess of Vitamin K?

A

unlikely to cause any toxicity

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35
Q

What are the consequences of a deficiency in Vitamin K?

A

Coagulopathy (impaired clotting ability)
Haemorrhage

*can be caused by lack of bacteria in LI due to antibiotics, warfarin, rat poison etc.

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36
Q

Name some important B vitamins

A 
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Cobalamin (B12)
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37
Q

What are the main functions of the B vitamins?

A

Involved in the use of food energy

Important for cell maintenance and growth and/or cell synthesis

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38
Q

What are the sources of B vitamins?

A 
Whole grains, Wheat, rice
Meat
Dairy
Green Vegetables
Yeast
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39
Q

What are the consequences of an excess of B vitamins?

A

Very rare

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40
Q

What are the consequences of a deficiency of B vitamins?

A

Anorexia, weight loss
Muscle weakness
Neurological issues, seizures
Dermatitis

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41
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic Acid

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42
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin C?

A 
Antioxidant
Free radical scavenger
collagen synthesis
immunity
drug and steroid metabolism
iron absorption
wound healing
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43
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin C?

A 
Dogs and cats are able to synthesize Vitamin C in the liver. 
In small animals, provide:
Broccoli
cabbage
spinach
leafy greens
green and red pepper
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44
Q

What are the consequences of an excess of Vitamin C?

A

Low risk

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45
Q

What are the consequences of a deficiency of Vitamin C?

A

Does not occur in cats and dogs
In guinea pigs commonly scurvy
(impaired wound healing and faulty bone formation)

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46
Q

Name the teeth and their function

A

Incisors - nibbling/grooming
Canines - catching prey/piercing flesh
Premolars - carnassial for cutting flesh
Molars - chewing/grinding

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47
Q

What are the main differences in rabbit teeth?

A

Peg teeth on top (incisors behind incisors)
No canines - have diastema
Have premolars but no carnassial
Open-rooted teeth

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48
Q

Name the 4 salivary glands

A

Zygomatic
Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual

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49
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Lubricates food
Aids mechanical and chemical (in some species) digestion
Thermoregulation

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50
Q

What enzyme is found in the saliva?

A

Ptyalin or alpha-amylase (starts to digest carbohydrates)

NOT produced in cats.

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51
Q

What are the 3 main gastric secretion?

A

Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen
Goblet cells produce mucus

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52
Q

What is the job of pepsin?

A

Converts protein into polypeptides

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53
Q

What is the function of HCl?

A

Lowers pH and activates pepsinogen to pepsin

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54
Q

What is the function of Renin?

A

secreted by stomach wall and coagulates milk proteins

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55
Q

What is the function of gastric lipase?

A

Produced by stomach - starts digestion of fats in milk.

Breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol

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56
Q

Why shouldn’t you give adult dogs/cats milk?

A

Lipase tends to be more prevalent in young animals and production reduces after weaning. So if you don’t have milk for years and then give an adult it, they cannot digest it.

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57
Q

What is the function of pancreatic juice?

A

Contains bicarbonate (HCO3) which reduces the acidity of chyme allowing pancreatic enzymes to work.

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58
Q

What does enterokinase do?

A

Converts inactive trypsinogen to trypsin

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59
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

Breaks down proteins

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60
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Breaks down Carbohydrates

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61
Q

What is the function of Peptidases?

A

Break down polypeptides into amino acids

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62
Q

What is the digestion function of bile?

A

Emulsifies fats - breaks them down into smaller parts so that it’s easier to break down

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63
Q

Name some disaccharidases

A

maltase, lactase, sucrase

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64
Q

What do disaccharidases do?

A

Breakdown disaccharides to monosaccharides

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65
Q

How are the products of digestion absorbed?

A

Amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the blood capillaries in the villi of the SI
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteals of the villi of the small intestine.

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66
Q

What happens to fats once they’ve been absorbed into lacteals?

A

Carried to the cysterna Chyli then the thoracic duct and back into the blood.

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67
Q

Where do protein and fat metabolism occur?

A

Liver

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68
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A 
Protein and Fat metabolism
Bile production
Stroage of fat-soluble vitamins
Detox
Iron store
Ammonia converted to urea
Synthesis of fibrinogen & other clotting proteins
Storage of glucose as glycogen
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69
Q

What occurs in the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

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70
Q

How much body weight is water?

A

70%. 50% in cells and 20% in between cells

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71
Q

What is the water requirement of animals?

A

Approx 50mls per kg per day

varies according to diet type

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72
Q

Does water provide energy?

A

No. Not at all

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73
Q

What are the main functions of water in the body?

A
  1. Transport medium in bloodstream
  2. Temperature regulation (saliva, diverts heat)
  3. Digestion (hydrolysis)
  4. Lubricant (food, eyes etc)
  5. Elimination
74
Q

What are the 3 sources of water?

A

Food, Drink, Metabolic water

75
Q

What are the losses of water from the body?

A 
Elimination - urine, faeces, vomit etc
Evaporative - sweat, pantin
Bleeding
Milk production
Diuretic drugs
76
Q

Why is protein the most important solid nutrient?

A

Because it has the most function in the body

77
Q

What is the chemical composition of protein?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (just like fats and carbs) but also nitrogen and sulphur

78
Q

How many amino acids are there in animal proteins?

A

About 21

79
Q

Define essential amino acid

A

Cannot be synthesized in the body from the excesses of other amino acids therefore must be supplemented in diet.

80
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

10 in dogs and 11 in cats

81
Q

What is the EAA that’s only essential in cats? What is the result of a Taurine deficiency in cats?

A

Taurine.
If cats become deficient in Taurine, it causes central retinal degeneration, inability to form bile salts and affects fertility and development of kittens in utero

82
Q

What is the function of Arginine (an EAA)?

A

Required to metabolise nitrogen - deficiency of arginine leads to a build up of ammonia in the blood which is toxic.

83
Q

Name the 10 EAA for dogs and cats?

A 
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methione
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
84
Q

Define Non-essential AA

A

Equally as important but can be synthesized in the body from the excesses of other amino acids and nitrogen

85
Q

What contributes to Biological Value?

A
  1. Acceptability (will pet eat it?)
  2. Digestibility (easy to digest for that pet?)
  3. Utilisable (is it useful in the body?)
86
Q

What is the benefit of high BV foods?

A

Closely resemble the requirements of the animal

Leave fewer waste products

87
Q

Give an example of high BV foods?

A

Eggs (100%)
Fish meal (92), Milk protein and chicken (90)
Rice and Oats (60-70)

88
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
Energy
Repair
Maintenance
Growth
Regulates metabolism
Role in blood (clotting, o2 transport)
Role in immune system (immunoglobulins)
89
Q

What are the recommended relative requirements for protein of dogs, puppies, cats and kittens?

A

Cats have a relatively higher requirement than dogs

Dog (18%)
Puppy (22%)
Cat (26%)
Kitten (30%)

90
Q

What will the protein requirement depend on?

A

Pregnant or lactating?
Healthy or recovering/fighting infection?
Workload/Lifestyle?

91
Q

What can cause deficiency and excess of protein?

A

Feeding too much or too little

Feeding an inappropriate diet (wrong type e.g. grain free, or adding ‘tit-bits’ to meal at dinner)

92
Q

What is Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency?

A

When the exocrine portion of the pancreas stops working and the animal cannot digest or utilise food

93
Q

What the symptoms of excess Protein?

A

Overweight

Progression of some clinical conditions e.g. hip dysplasia

94
Q

What are the symptoms of Protein deficiency?

A 
Weight loss
Poor skin/hair 
increased suceptibilty to disease
oedema
anaemia
poor growth (if deficiency in young animals)
95
Q

How are proteins broken down?

A

Proteins are broken down into essential amino acids by pepsin (in the presence of HCl) in the stomach.
In the small intestine, polypeptides are broken down into amino acids by enzymes from the SI lining and the pancreas.
Amino acids are the absorbed across the intestinal wall into the blood capillaries of the villi and into the bloodstream, and carried to the liver via the portal vein.

96
Q

What is the chemical make up of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

97
Q

What are the 3 main groups of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Simple sugars (can be broken down by water)
    - monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. lactose)
  2. Oligosaccharides
    - short chains of saccharides e.g. raffinose
  3. Polysaccharides
    - complex carbohydrates
    - either starches (easy to digest once cooked e.g. potatoes) or fibre (relatively indigestible to dogs and cats - need to be fermented)
98
Q

What are sources of Sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides)?

A

Honey
Sugar Beet
Sugar Cane
Fruits

99
Q

What are the sources of lactose?

A

Milk and dairy products

100
Q

What are the sources of starch?

A

Potatoes, rice, cereal crops

potatoes and rice are commonly used instead of cereals in sensitive foods

101
Q

Name a source of slowly fermentable fibre (e.g. cellulose)

A

Wheat bran

102
Q

Name sources of Moderately fermentable fibre?

A

Rice bran

Pea fibre

103
Q

What are sources of rapidly fermentable fibre?

A

Apples (other parts e.g. skin)
Citrus pulp
Guar gum

104
Q

What are the functions of simple carbohydrates?

A

Energy (cheap source)
Produce Heat
Produce Lactose in lactation

cats and dogs don’t actually NEED carbs

105
Q

What happens to excess carbs?

A

Converted to fat and stored

106
Q

What is the function of fibre?

A

1.Normalises bowel functions
2.Maintains health of the colon
(helps maintain the structure of the villi and regulates the speed at which food moves through)
3. Bulks out food so can be used in obesity diets
4. Slows down the release of a diet therefore improves glycaemic control in diabetic patients

107
Q

What have you got to be careful with when feeding fibre?

A

It can reduced the absorption of other nutrients so not good for growing dogs

108
Q

What are the relative requirements in cats and dogs for carbohydrates?

A

Don’t actually need it! But it is an easily digestible source of energy.
Dogs 30-60% carbs in dry diet
Cats 35% on dry matter basis

109
Q

Describe the 3 ways simple carbs and starches are digested?

A
  1. Mechanical
    - chewing in mouth
  2. Enzymatic
    - mouth - some species have ptyalin or alpha-amylase in saliva (not cats)
    - stomach - HCl and peptic acid
    - SI - most enzyme digestion takes place here. Pancreatic enzymes
  3. Microbial (in rabbits e.g.)
    - in large intestine
    - microbes produce enzymes
110
Q

How is fibre digested?

A

Fermentation (when carbohydrates are broken down in an environment with little or no o2 to release energy.
Microbes in the LI are anaerobes

111
Q

What does the speed of fermentation mean in terms of breakdown?

A

The faster the fermentation, the more gases and short chain fatty acids are released in a short time i.e. the more flatulent they are

112
Q

Name some rapidly fermentable fibres

A

Pectin (comes from fruit)
Guar gum
Soy fibre

113
Q

Name some slowly fermentable fibres

A

Cellulose

Peanut hulls and soybean hulls (outer hulls are quite tough and fibrous)

114
Q

Describe the structure of fats

What makes them different?

A

Dietary fats consist of triglycerides.
Where each triglyceride is composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Fats are defined according to the different fatty acids on each and how the elements are bonded together

115
Q

Name the 3 essential fatty acids and state whether they are essential in dogs or cats

A
  1. Alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3) - cats and dogs
  2. Linoleic Acid (omega 6) - cats and dogs
  3. Arachidonic Acid (omega 6 ) - cats
116
Q

Where does Alpha-linoleic acid come from?

A

Flaxseed oil

Canola oil

117
Q

Where does Linoleic Acid come from?

A

Sunflower oil

Maize oil

118
Q

Where does Arachidonic Acid come from?

A

Animal fats

119
Q

What are the functions of fat in the diet?

A
  1. Source of energy
    -1g of fat creates double the amount of energy than protein or carbohydrates. BUT excess is stored,
    - good for getting a lot of energy into a small amount
  2. Improves palatability
  3. Carrier for fat-soluble vitamins
  4. Component of cell membranes
  5. Necessary for the synthesis of prostaglandins (required in reproduction)
  6. ## Waterproofing the coat
120
Q

What are the effects of an excess of fat in the diet?

A

Overweight! Shortens lifespan

121
Q

What are the effects of a deficiency of fat in the diet?

A 
Poor wound healing
Dry coat
Scaly skin
Alopecia
Pyoderma
Oedema
Moist dermatitis
Reduced reproductive function
122
Q

Describe the digestion and absorption of fats

A

Digestion starts in the stomach by the enzyme lipase.
In the SI, pancreatic juice contains pancreatic lipase which breaks down the fats. Bile also helps emulsify the fats.
Fats are then absorbed via the lymphatic system (lacteals in the villi) and then transported to the cysterna chyli, then the thoracic duct and then the bloodstream.

123
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A 
Structural role in bones and teeth
Nerve impulse transmission
Muscle contractions
Blood coagulation/clotting
Cellular messaging / hormone secretion
124
Q

What are the main sources of Calcium?

A

Bones meal
Dairy Products
Poultry

125
Q

What does a deficiency in calcium cause?

A

growth retardation
nervous disturbances
reduced bone mineralisation (rickets, osteomalacia)
secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

126
Q

What does an excess in calcium cause?

A

impaired skeletal development, orthopaedic issues
kidney damage
uroliths containing calcium

127
Q

What are the functions of phosphorous?

A

Structural role of bones and teeth
Vital component of nucleic acids (DNA), cell membranes (phospholipids) and ATP.
Necessary for acid-base balance and o2 delivery

128
Q

What are the sources of Phosphorous?

A 
Meats
Milk, eggs
Poultry
Fish
Veg
129
Q

What does a deficiency in Phosphorous cause?

A

Same as Ca deficiency:

  • decreased growth
  • decreased bone mineralization (rickets and osteomalacia)
  • can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • reduced fertility
  • dull coat
130
Q

What does an excess in Phosphorous cause?

A

causes hypocalcaemia
urolithiasis
soft tissue calcification

131
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium?

A

Component of bone, enzymes and intracellular fluid
Carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
Catalysing enzyme reactions
Promoting ATP production
Neuromuscular function and muscular contractions

132
Q

What are the sources of Magnesium?

A

Bone meal
Meats
Oilseed
Grains and fibres e.g. bran

133
Q

What does a deficiency in Magnesium cause?

A 
Muscle Weakness (+ incoordination)
Soft tissue calcification
growth retardation
reduced bone mineralisation
neuromuscular hyperactivity (convulsions, seizures)
anorexia
134
Q

What can excesses of Magnesium cause?

A

(Unlikely as uptake is regulated according to needs)

  • formation of struvite crystals (urolithiasis)
135
Q

What are the electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium and Chloride

Na, K and Cl-

136
Q

What are the functions of the electrolytes?

A

Maintain osmotic balance in blood
Regulate acid-base balance
Nerve impulse
Muscle contraction

*Chloride is necessary for the formation of HCl in the stomach)

137
Q

What are sources of electrolytes?

A 
Common salt
Grain and fibres
yeast
soy bean
Fish
Poultry
Eggs
138
Q

What does electrolyte deficiency cause?

A

Fatigue, lethargy, weak
Inability to maintain water balance
Anorexia

139
Q

What can cause an electrolyte deficiency?

A

Vomiting and diarrhoea

140
Q

What do excessive electrolytes cause?

A

Dehydration/ thirst
Constipation
Pruritus

141
Q

What are the functions of Iron?

A

Essential for O2 transport

Essential component of Haemoglobin and myoglobin

142
Q

What are the sources of Iron?

A

Orang meats especially liver
grains
poultry
green vegetables

143
Q

What does a deficiency in iron cause?

A

Anaemia (hypochromic microcytic anaemia)
Poor coat
Weakness and fatigue

144
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A 
Immunocompetence, immunity
Skin health and wound healing
Growth
Reproduction
Nucleic acid metabolism
Protein synthesis
Carbohydrate metabolism 
Hormone production
145
Q

What are the sources of Zinc?

A

Meat
Dietary Fibre
Fish and Shellfish

146
Q

What does a deficiency in Zinc cause?

A 
Anorexia
Impaired reproduction 
Skin lesions 
Conjuctivitis
Poor growth in young animals
De-pigmentation of hair
Hyperkeratosis
147
Q

What does an excess in Zinc cause?

A

Dietary excess rare

148
Q

What breeds are predisposed to a Zinc deficiency even if dietary intake is adequate?

A

Alaskan malamute and Siberian Husky

149
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A

Required for the formation of RBCs (haemopoiesis)
Required for normal pigmentation of hair and skin
Neurotransmitter function
Maintains connective tissue integrity

150
Q

What are the sources of copper?

A 
Offal meat (especially liver)
Fish
151
Q

What does a deficiency of copper cause?

A

Hypochromic Microcytic anaemia (copper important in iron metabolism and Hb formation)
Reproductive failure
Coat depigmentation

152
Q

What results due to excessive Copper in diet?

A

Interferes with iron and zinc metabolism
Can cause liver damage eventually
May cause anaemia

153
Q

What breeds are predisposed to toxicities of copper ? Why?

A

Bedlington terriers and West Highland White Terriers

As they cannot excrete it from the body

154
Q

What are the functions of Selenium?

A

Immunity
Reproduction
Part of antioxidant system
- Has a sparing effect on Vitamin E

155
Q

What are the sources of Selenium in the diet?

A 
Fish
Eggs
Liver
 Meat
Offal
Cereals
156
Q

What can deficiency of selenium cause?

A

Not likely

May cause skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration

157
Q

What are the consequences of Selenium excess?

A

Not likely

158
Q

What are the functions of iodine?

A

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

159
Q

What are the dietary sources of Iodine?

A

Fish
Grains
Meat Poultry
Eggs

160
Q

What are the consequences of a Iodine deficiency?

A

Rare
Can cause Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
Growth retardation
Reproductive failure

161
Q

What are the consequences of an Iodine excess?

A

Very Rare

Can cause Goiter again

162
Q

Which nutrients highlight that a cat is carnivorous?

A

Taurine (EAA)
Arachidonic Acid (EFA)
Vit A
- natural sources of these are only supplied in animal tissues

163
Q

Which vitamin is linked to Calcium: Phosphate balance?

A

Vitamin D

164
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant function - combats the effects of free radicals

can sometimes see an excess in cats fed a lot of oily fish

165
Q

Which substance can induce a deficiency of vitamin K?

A

Warfarin (prevents blood clotting and causes a deficiency of vitamin K)

166
Q

Which B vitamin is important in the synthesis of DNA?

A

Folic Acid

167
Q

What is the function of Thiamine (B1)?

A

Enzyme reactions

168
Q

What is the function of riboflavin (B2)?

A

Enzyme reactions and energy metabolism

169
Q

What is the function of Niacin (B3)?

A 
Oxidoreductive reactions 
Tryptophan metabolism  (EAA that's the precursor to serotonin)
170
Q

What is the function of Pyridoxine (B6)?

A

Amino acid and lipid metabolism
neurotransmitter synthesis
taurine biosynthesis

171
Q

What is the function of Pantothenic Acid?

A

Energy production

Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids, Steroid hormones and cholesterol

172
Q

What is the function of Folate/ folic Acid?

A

Nucleotide and phospholipid biosynthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Neurotransmitter production
Creatinine production

173
Q

What is the function of Biotin?

A

Metabolism of lipids, amino acids and glucose

174
Q

What is the function of B12 (Cobalamin)?

A

Methionine biosynthesis

Carbon metabolism

175
Q

What is another name for fibre?

A

Beta bonded polysaccharides

176
Q

What is the name for short chains of carbohydrates?

A

Oligosaccharides

177
Q

Where is Vit C synthesized from?

A

Glucose in the body of most animals

178
Q

Describe the digestion of carbohydrates

A

In dogs, it begin in the mouth with the parotid gland secreting ptyalin into the saliva which digests carbs. Cats lack this stage.
Chewing helps the mechanical breakdown in the mouth.
A small amount of digestion occurs in the stomach with HCl and peptic acid acting on carbs along with the mechanical churning of the stomach.
Most of carb digestion occurs in the small intestine. Digestive juices contain disaccharidases which breakdown disaccharides to form monosaccharides.
The pancreas also releases amylase which breaks down starches.
The products of carb digestion are glucose, fructose and galactose.

179
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Plus, nitrogen and sulphur.
The are complex organic compounds.
They are large molecules consisting of long chains of amino acids. There are 21 amino acids in dogs and these can be arranged in different ways.

180
Q

Describe the key points relating to the nutritional content and sources of nutrients in dry diets formulated for dogs/

A

Highest nutrient content - carb -cheapest and well utilised by dogs. Source is usually cereals.

Protein- next highest - dogs require about 18%. Usually sourced from animal proteins e.g. chicken, meat meals etc.

The fat content is the next highest. Sourced from oils e.g. veg, sunflower.
Mineral and vitamins
Low moisture - dry food
Fibre

Companion Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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