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Metabolism > Basic metabolism > Flashcards

Basic metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems in a metabolic pathway

A

Biosynthesis

Degredation

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2
Q

What is flux

A

Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway’s activity under different conditions.

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3
Q

What are short term ways to control flux

A

Allosteric control (changing enzyme structure by binding)

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4
Q

What are long term ways to control flux

A
  • Covalent modification
  • Substrate cycles
  • Genetic control
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5
Q

How is there covalent modification

A

BY phosphatase and kinases

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6
Q

How is there control using substrate cycles

A

Vary rates of two opposing non-equilibrium reactions

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7
Q

How is there control using genetic control

A

Affects rate of transcription

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8
Q

What is flux determined by

A

Rate determining step

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9
Q

What does the slowest step have

A

The most negative deltaG

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10
Q

What do proteins get hydrolyses into

A

amino acids

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11
Q

What do polysaccharides get hydrolysed into

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

What do lipids get hydrolyses into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

What do amino acids, monosaccharides and glycerol and fatty acids combine to form

A

Acetyl CoA

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14
Q

Which cycle does Acetyl CoA go into

A

citric acid cycle

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15
Q

What are the by products of the citric acid cycle

A

Co2 and ATP

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16
Q

For the digestion of starch, what happens in the mouth

A

alpha amylase turns carbohydrates to oligosaccharides

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17
Q

For the digestion of starch, what happens in the stomach

A

Low pH stops the action of amylase

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18
Q

For digestion of starch, what happens in the small intestine

A

Pancreas releases amylase into small intestine and there’s further digestion

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19
Q

For digestion of carbs, what happens when in contact with mucosal cells

A

Membrane bound dissacharidases like isomaltase, maltase and lactase turn disaccharides into monosaccharides

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20
Q

Where do the monosaccharides go to after being in contact with the mucosal cells

A

Liver

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21
Q

What monosaccharides go to liver

A

Glucose, fracture and galactose

22
Q

What gets excreted when going to the liver

A

Cellulose

23
Q

How does glucose move into cells

A
  • facilitated diffusion

- ATP dependent Na+ monosaccharide transport

24
Q

What does glucose exist as

A

D and L enantiomers

25
Q

When does glucose form pyranase (ring)

A

IN a solution

26
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis

A
  • Energy investment phase

- Energy generation phase

27
Q

What happens in the glycolytic reaction no.1

A

Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose so it doesn’t move out of cells and produces glucose-6 phosphate

28
Q

What does hexokinase do

A

Phosphorylates and produces Glucose 6-phosphate

29
Q

What happens in the glycolytic reaction no.2

A

glucose 6 phosphate is turned into fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase

30
Q

What turns glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

31
Q

What happens in the glycolytic reaction no.3

A

Fructose 6-phosphate turns into fructose 1,6 biphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase

32
Q

What is the enzyme used to turn fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 biphosphate

A

Phosphofructokinase

33
Q

What is added to fructose 6 phosphate to turn it into fructose 1,6 biphosphate and what are the products

A

ATP added

ADP and H+ are products

34
Q

Which reaction of glycolysis is irreversible and the rate limiting step and the most important control point

A

Turning fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 biphosphate

35
Q

What does a high conc of ATP do to the third reaction of glycolysis

A

INhibition

36
Q

What does a high conc of AMP do to the third reaction of glycolysis

A

Inhibition

37
Q

What also inhibits phosphorylation in the third reaction of glycolysis

A

Citrate

38
Q

What does phosphorylation require

A

ATP

39
Q

What is the fourth reaction of glycolysis called and what is produced

A

Cleavage

  • 2x GAP
  • 2x DHAP

both have one phosphate

40
Q

What is the fifth reaction in glycolysis

A

Redox

-GAP is turned into BPG

41
Q

What are the reactants of the fifth reaction glycolysis

A

add:

  • NAD+
  • Pi

exit:

  • H+
  • NADH
42
Q

What is the sixth reaction of glycolysis

A

Synthesis

-BPG is turned into 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP is taken out

43
Q

What is the seventh reaction of glycolysis

A

3-phosphoglycerate turned into 2-phosphoglycerate

44
Q

What is the eighth reaction of glycolysis

A

2-phosphoglycerate turned into phosphoenolpyruvate via the enzyme enolase

-water is taken out

45
Q

What enzyme is used in the 8th reaction of glycolysis

A

enolase

46
Q

What is the final step of glycolysis

A

PHosphoenolpyruvate turned into pyruvate with the removal of ATP (sub-level phosphorylation)

47
Q

what is the ATP yield in anaerobic respiration

A

+2ATP

48
Q

What is the ATP yield in aerobic respiration

A

6ATP (includes the additional ATP from the oxidation of 2NADH)

49
Q

in anaerobic respiration conditions, what cannot be oxidized

A

Respiratory chain cannot oxides NADH to regenerate NAD+

50
Q

What will glycolysis do

A

Converts NAD+ to NADH but NAD+ is needed for glycolysis to continue

51
Q

What is the yield of water

A

2xH2O

52
Q

what is the yield of NADH in glycolysis

A

2xNADH

Metabolism (11 decks)

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