Basic intro to the body

Question 1

Function of skin

Answer 1

Protects against germs, regulates temperature and enables touch

Question 2

Structure of skin

Answer 2

Has an epidermis, a dermis and subcutaneous tissue

Question 3

Describe the epidermis

Answer 3

Has a keratinised epithelium, some nerve endings and is avascular

Question 4

Describe the dermis

Answer 4

Collagenous and elastin rich, tough and stretchy, vascular and innervated. Contains hair follicles and some sweat glands

Question 5

Describe the subcutaneous tissue

Answer 5

Adipose tissue (fat) store, vascular, innervated, contains sweat glands

Question 6

Eccrine sweat gland

Answer 6

Water and some electrolytes, present on almost all skin

Question 7

Apocrine sweat gland

Answer 7

Lipid/protein rich secretion, select sites activate with puberty

Question 8

Axial skeleton

Answer 8

Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, coccyx, hyoid, sternum

Question 9

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 9

Limbs, clavicle, scapula and hip bones

Question 10

Function of nervous system

Answer 10

Senses and responds to external and internal stimuli

Question 11

What are neurons

Answer 11

The functional cells of the nervous system conducting small electrical signals based on charge differences across their membranes. Communicate via neurotransmitter releases at synapses

Question 12

What is a glial cell

Answer 12

Support neurons

Question 13

What is a ganglion

Answer 13

A collection of cell bodies. Ganglia are sites of synapsing

Question 14

What is in the CNS

Answer 14

Brain and spinal cord, covered in protective layer of meninges

Question 15

What is the dura matter

Answer 15

The tough outer layer

Question 16

What is the arachnoid matter

Answer 16

Middle layer, creates a subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

What is pia mater

Answer 17

Closely adhered to brain/spinal cord

Question 18

What is in the PNS

Answer 18

31 paired spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Question 19

What do the spinal nerves serve

Answer 19

Dermatomes (sensory) and myotomes (motor)

Question 20

What are the 12 cranial nerves function

Answer 20

They arise from the brain/brainstem. Their functions mostly occur in head and neck, with exception of vagus nerve (CNX). Sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance

Question 21

What is the ANS

Answer 21

Autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic=fight or flight
Parasympathetic=rest and digest

Question 22

How do body cavities form?

Answer 22

From the trilaminar disc (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Endoderm is pinched off to form the GI tube. There is cephalo-caudal folding (folding in 2 directions). Lateral folds close the body wall and enclose the body cavities.

Question 23

What are the 3 potential spaces

Answer 23

Cavities represent potential spaces - sources of infection spread, fluid build up/loss. The pericardium (around the heart), the pleural (lungs) and the peritoneal (GI tracks)

Question 24

What lines the cavities

Answer 24

Lubricating fluid in between on the visceral (organ) and parietal (body wall) surface

Question 25

What forms visceral and parietal membranes/layers

Answer 25

Structures invaginate into “balloons” of serous, slippery membranes, creating the layers. The potential space is lubricated