Basic Info and Skeletal System Flashcards
Kinesiology
the study of movement
What fields get brought together and relates them to human movement?
anatomy, physiology, physics, and geometry
Biomechanics
mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body
What happens during Static Systems (stretching)?
nonmoving/stationary
What happens during Dynamic Systems (stretching)?
moving
What is Fundamental Position?
person’s posture - normal stance, different for everybody
Anatomical Position
standing face forward with palms facing up
Anterior
toward the front of the body
Posterior
toward the back of the body
Midline
an imaginary line that runs vertically through the center of the body
Medial
toward the middle of the body
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
Superior
above, toward the head
Inferior
below, or toward the feet
Proximal
closer to, or toward the torso - pertains to an extremity
Distal
away from the torso - pertains to an extremity
Cephalic
toward the head
Caudal
toward the feet (or “tail”)
Superficial
toward the surface (skin) of the body
Deep
toward the inside (core) of the body
Origin
the proximal attachment of a muscle or ligament
Insertion
the distal attachment of a muscle or ligament
Prone
lying face down
Supine
lying face up
Bilateral
tow, or both sides
Contralateral
opposite side (divides body into left or right sides)
Ipsilateral
same side of the body (divides body into left or right sides)
The nose is ______ to the mouth
superior
The knee is ______ to the hip
distal
The umbilicus is ______ to the low back
anterior
The thumb is ______ to the ring finger
lateral
Muscle is ______ to skin
deep
The third toe is ______ to the great toe
lateral
The elbow is ______ to the wrist
distal
Osteokinematics
the movement of bones around a joint axis
Arthrokinematics
the movement of a joint
Flexion
bending movement; decreasing joint angle
Extension
straightening movement; increasing joint angle
Hyperextension
continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Plantarflexion
ankle flexion, pointing the points (motion at the ankle)
Dorsiflexion
ankle extension, pointing toes towards the head (motion at the ankle)
Abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
Horizontal Abduction
shoulder joint abducted to 90 degrees and then moved backward
Horizontal Adduction
shoulder is adducted from 90 degrees toward the front of the body
Radial Deviation
hand moves laterally toward the thumb line
Ulnar Deviation
hand moves medially toward the little finger side of the wrist
Internal Rotation
anterior surface moves inward toward the midline
External Rotation
anterior surface moves outward away from the midline
Supination
palm faces forward or anteriorly
Pronation
palm is facing backward or posteriorly
Inversion
moving sole of the foot inward at ankle
Eversion
moving sole of the foot outward
Protraction
scapula moves away from the midline
Retraction
scapula moves toward midline
What are 5 functions of the skeleton?
- gives support and shape to the body
- protects vital organs (brain, SC, heart)
- assists in movement by providing a rigid structure for muscle attachment and leverage
- manufactures blood cells, (main sites - ilium, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs)
- stores calcium and other minerals
Describe/Location Axial Skeleton
forms upright part of the body - skull, vertebrae, manubrium, sternum, xiphoid, sacrum, coccyx, ribs 1-12
Describe/Location Appendicular Skeleton
attaches to the axial skeleton
- Os coxae - ilium, ischium, pubis,) femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
- clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Describe Compact Bone
- makes up a hard dense outer shell and completely covers bone
- a. tends to be thick along the shaft and thin at the ends of long bones
- b. thick in plates of the flat bones of the skull
Describe Cancellous Bone (spongy bone)
porous and spongy inside portion
- a. called the trabeculae
– arranged in a pattern that resists local stresses and strains
– filled with marrow
– make bone lighter
- b. makes up most of articular ends of bones
11 Examples of Long Bone (longer than they are wide)
- clavicle
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- metacarpals
- phalanges (fingers)
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- metatarsals
- phalanges (toes)
2 Examples of Short Bones (equal height, length, width - only in wrist and ankle)
- carpals
- tarsals
2 examples of Flat Bones (two layers of compact bone with spongy bone between them. Serve protective functions; flat bones of the cranium protect the brain)
- ilium (in pelvis)
- scapula
2 examples of Irregular Bones (short bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule. Protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle from which the tendons pass to their attachments)
- patella
- sesamoid bones (2)
Every long bone has ______
epiphysis
Where is epiphysis found?
at the end of every long bone
In adults, epiphysis is ______
calcified (bone-like)
In growing bones (kids) epiphysis is ______ material
a. known as ____ ____
b. ______ growth
- cartilaginous
a. epiphyseal plate
b. longitudinal
How do you objectively know that bone has stopped growing?
X-ray child’s bone/joint to ensure growing stopped
Pressure Epiphysis
relates to growth of long bones and are found at the ends of long bones
Traction Epiphysis (Apophysis)
located at the attachment of certain tendons of bones
Example of Traction Epiphysis
tibial tuberosity: bump right below patella, quads attach, quads pull on this bone when leg/knee extend
Wolff’s Law
bone grows in response to the stresses/loads placed on it
