Basic Immunology

Question 1

How many proteins make a histone?

Answer 1

8

Question 2

What amino acids make up histones?

Answer 2

Lysine and arginine

Question 3

What does a nucleosome comprise of?

Answer 3

Histone, condensed DNA wrapped twice around histone

Question 4

What is chromatin comprised of?

Answer 4

Nucleosomes and linker DNA like beads on a string

Question 5

Name 2 essential amino acids

Answer 5

Lysine and leucine

Question 6

What occurs during S phase of mitosis?

Answer 6

Genomic material and histones are made

Question 7

How does mitochondria DNA differ from other DNA?

Answer 7

Mitochondria have their own DNA, the DNA is circular, do not use histones

Question 8

What are the primary organs of the immune system? (Primary lymphoid organs)

Answer 8

Bone Marrow
Thymus

Question 9

What are the secondary organs of the immune system? (Secondary lymphoid organ)

Answer 9

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches

Question 10

What is the function of the bone marrow?

Answer 10

Creation of immune cells
(Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils)

Question 11

What are the parts of the lymph node

Answer 11

Capsule with trabeculae
Cortex that contains follicles
Paracortex
Medulla (medullary sinus and cords)
Efferents
Afferents

Question 12

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 12

Maturation of T cells

Question 13

What are the functions of the lymph nodes?

Answer 13

Activate immune response
Circulation of B and T cells
Filtration by macrophages

Question 14

What cells are found in the cortex?

Answer 14

B lymphocytes

Question 15

What is found in the paracortex?

Answer 15

venules and T lymphocytes

Question 16

What cells are found in the medullary sinus?

Answer 16

Macrophages and reticular cells

Question 17

What cells are found in the medullary cords?

Answer 17

Closely packed Lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 18

What can happen to paracortex when certain infection and viral illnesses occur?

Answer 18

Hyperplasia aka clinically- lymphadenopathy

Question 19

Differences between primary and secondary follicles

Answer 19

Primary - dense, quiescent
Secondary - pale germinal centers and active

Question 20

What do the medullary sinuses connect with?

Answer 20

Efferent lymphatics

Question 21

Role of venules in paracortex

Answer 21

T and B lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from blood through these

Question 22

Components of innate immunity

Answer 22

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
Complement
Physical epithelial barriers
Secreted enzymes

Question 23

Components of adaptive immunity

Answer 23

T cells
B cells
Circulating antibodies

Question 24

Innate immunity response to pathogens

Answer 24

Non specific
Rapid - minutes to hours
No memory response

Question 25

Adaptive immunity response to pathogens

Answer 25

Highly specific Develops over long periods Good memory response

Question 26

Proteins secreted in innate immunity

Answer 26

Lysozyme Complement CRP Defensins Cytokines

Question 27

Secreted proteins in adaptive immunity

Answer 27

Immunoglobulins Cytokines

Question 28

Features of pathogen recognition in innate immunity

Answer 28

Toll like receptors Pattern recognition receptors - for pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Question 29

Examples of pathogen associated molecular receptors

Answer 29

Lipopolyssacharride - gram -ve bacteria Flagellin - bacteria Nucleic acids - Virus

Question 30

Features of pattern recognition in adaptive immunity

Answer 30

Memory cells - aka activated B and T cells (due to precious encounter with antigen) STRONG, quicker immune response

Question 31

Immune privilege?

Answer 31

Chemical and physical changes that reduce immune response to foreign antigens to reduce damage that would occur due to inflammation

Question 32

Immune privilege occurs in which organs

Answer 32

Eye Placenta Brain Testes

Question 33

What are major histocompatibility complex I and II

Answer 33

Cell surface proteins encoded by HLA genes

Question 34

Role of major histocompatibility complex I and II

Answer 34

Present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T cell receptors

Question 35

Genetic loci for MHC I

Answer 35

HLA - A HLA - B HLA - C

Question 36

Genetic loci for MHC II

Answer 36

HLA - DP HLA - DQ HLA - DR

Question 37

What does MHC I bind to

Answer 37

T cell receptors CD8

Question 38

What does MHC II bind to

Answer 38

T cell receptors CD4

Question 39

Structure of MHC I

Answer 39

1 long chain 1 short chain

Question 40

Structure of MHC II

Answer 40

2 equal length chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)

Question 42

Role of MHC I

Answer 42

Present endogenous antigens to CD8 cytotoxic T cells

Question 43

Role of MHC II

Answer 43

Present exogenous antigens to CD4 helper T cells

Question 44

Protein associated with MHC I

Answer 44

B2 microglobulin

Question 45

Disease associated with HLA-B27 PAIR

Answer 45

Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosis spondylitis Inflammatory bowel disease Reactive arthritis

Question 46

Disease associated with HLA-B57

Answer 46

Abacavir hypersensitivity

Question 47

Disease associated with HLA-DQ2/DQ8

Answer 47

Coeliac disease

Question 48

Disease associated with HLA-DR3

Answer 48

T1DM SLE Graves’ disease Hashimoto thyroiditis Addison disease

Question 49

Disease associated with HLA-DR4

Answer 49

T1DM Addison disease Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 50

Type of immune cells

Answer 50

NK, B cells, T cells - CD8 cytotoxic and CD4 helper

Question 51

What triggers NK cells

Answer 51

Non specific activation signal when there is no inhibitory signal form MHC I

Question 52

How NK cells cause cell death

Answer 52

Via 2 ways Perforin granzyme B pathway antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

Question 53

How B cells work

Answer 53

HUMORAL IMMUNITY Recognize and present antigen Create plasma cells that produce antibodies Memory developed

Question 54

How CD4 helper T cells work

Answer 54

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY CD4 helper - produce antibodies and recruits immune cells like phagocytes and leukocytes

Question 55

How CD8 cyrotoxic T cells work

Answer 55

Cell death via perforin granzyme B pathway