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IMMUNOSERO LEC > BASIC IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The study of immune system or immunity

A

Immunology

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2
Q

the study of all aspects of host defense against infection and of adverse consequences of immune responses.

A

Immunology

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3
Q

The study of the physiological mechanisms which enable the body to recognize materials as foreign and to neutralize, metabolize or eliminate them without
injury to the host tissue.

A

Immunology

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4
Q

State of protection from infectious diseases

A

Immunity

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5
Q

A remarkably versatile defense system that has evolved to protect animals from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer

A

Immune system

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6
Q

It is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating an apparently limitless variety of foreign
invaders

A

Immune system

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7
Q

Chinese(1500A.D) custom of inhaling what ? to prevent development of small pox in later life

A

inhaling crusts from smallpox lesions

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8
Q

Injecting materials from crusts or fluid from smallpox blisters (“variolation”), used through out the eastern world, in 1718 was introduced into western medicine by WHO?, to Turkey, had her children so
treated.

A

British ambassador’s wife

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9
Q

Jenner’s work on vaccination, describing a related, yet safe procedure. What year?

A

1798,

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10
Q

Noted people, who had cow pox, were spared in small pox epidemics, inoculated boy with pus from WHAT with cow pox,
and re-inoculated same boy with infectious pus from a
patient in the active small pox. No disease state followed these inoculations, and experiment was repeated several times with great success!

A

from milk maid

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11
Q

He demonstrated that it was possible to attenuate, or weaken, a pathogen and administer the attenuated strain as a vaccine.

A

Louis Pasteur

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12
Q

In 1885, he administered his first vaccine to a human, a
young boy who had been bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog

A

Louis Pasteur-

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13
Q

What was the name of the young boy who wa the first to receive a vaccine?

A

Joseph Meister

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14
Q

He provided first clear evidence that active immunization could be used safely to prevent an infectious disease

A

Jenner

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15
Q

He introduced pasteurization also

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

Almost how many years later did Pasteur introduce pasteurization?

A

Almost 70 Years later

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17
Q

Almost how many years later did Pasteur introduce pasteurization?

A

Almost 70 Years later

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18
Q

He recognized and exploited the general principle
underlying vaccination

A

Louis Pasteur

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19
Q

What year did the role of phagocytes and cellular immunity
elucidated?

A

1900

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20
Q

What year were killed vaccines were introduced?

A

1900

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21
Q

What year was complement described?

A

1900

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22
Q

This resulted from both cellular and humoral elements were demonstrated.

A

Acquired immunity

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23
Q

When was acquired immunity founded to result from both cellular and
humoral elements were demonstrated?

A

20th century

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24
Q

When was Opsonization described?

A

20th century

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25
Q

When did the term antigen come in to regular use?

A

20th century

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26
Q

Serum antitoxins, 1901

Noble Prize Winners

A

Emil von Behring

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27
Q

Cellular immunity to tuberculosis, 1905

Noble Prize Winners

A

Robert Koch

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28
Q

Role of phagocytosis, 1098

Nobel prize winners

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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29
Q

antitoxins in immunity, 1908

Nobel Prize Winners

A

Paul Ehrlich

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30
Q

Anaphylaxis, 1913

Nobel Prize winners

A

Charles Richet

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31
Q

Complement-mediated bacteriolysis, 1919

Nobel Prize Winners

A

Jules Border

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32
Q

Discovery of human blood groups, 1930

Nobel Prize Winners

A

Karl Landsteiner

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33
Q

Development of yellow fever vaccine, 1951

A

Max Theiler

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34
Q

Antihistamines, 1957

A

Daniel Bovet

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35
Q

Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, 1960

A

F. Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar

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36
Q

Chemical structure of antibodies, 1972

A

Rodney R. Porter and Gerald M. Edelman

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37
Q

Development of radioimmunoassay, 1977

A

Rosalyn R. Yalow

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38
Q

Major histocompatibility complex, 1980

A

George Snell, Jean Daussct and Baruj Benacerraf

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39
Q

Monoclonal antibody, 1984

A

Cesar Milstein and Georges E. Köhler

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40
Q

Immune regulatory theories, 1984

A

Niels K. Jerne

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41
Q

Gene rearrangement in antibody production, 1987

A

Susumu Tonegawa

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42
Q

Transplantation immunology, 1991

A

E. Donnall Thomas and Joseph Murray

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43
Q

Role of major histocompatibility complex, 1996

A

Peter C. Doherty

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44
Q

in antigen recognition by by T cells, 1996

A

Rolf M. Zinkernagel

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45
Q

This is the body’s response to disease and injury

A

immune system

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46
Q

This is the Nonspecific response

A

Innate immunity

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47
Q

This is the Specific response

A

acquired immunity

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48
Q

The T cell is part of what immune response?

A

specific immune response

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49
Q

What are the exterior barriers in the non specific response?

SMS

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Secretions
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50
Q

Involves myeloid leukocytes (including all phagocytic cells) such as macrophages

A

Nonspecific response

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51
Q

Participate in the inflammatory response to injury
or disease

A

Non specific response

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52
Q

Mast cells are involved in non specific response

true or false

A

true

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53
Q

These are proteins that signal between cells

A

cytokines

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54
Q

This is the antigen-antibody relationship (acquired
immunity)

A

Specific response

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55
Q

Vaccinations depend on this response

A

Specific response

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56
Q

This response Involves lymphocytes (B, T
and plasma cells)

A

Specific response

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57
Q

It is
- Non specific
- First line of defense
- Repeated exposure = no augmentation

A

Natural Immunity System (Innate Immunity)

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58
Q

What are the components of Natural Immune system?

A
  • Biochemical
  • Physical
  • Cells
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59
Q

Biochemical components of Natural Immune System is composed of what?

A
  • enzymes, C’
  • Secretions
  • Ph
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60
Q

Physical component of Natural Immune system is composed of what?

A
  • skin
  • cilia
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61
Q

Physical component of Natural Immune system is composed of what?

A
  • skin
  • cilia
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62
Q

The CELLS component of Natural Immune System is composed of what?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural Killer Cells
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63
Q

What is an example of Natural Immune System

A

Burn response

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64
Q

Overall non-specific reaction of body to injury or invasion starts immediately with infection or trauma

True or false

A

true

65
Q

These may may initiate, expand, or sustain the
response

A

Reactants

66
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs?

A
  • heat
  • pain
  • redness
  • loss of function
67
Q

Natural Immune System dan be acute (short duration) or become chronic
(prolonged duration)

true or false

A

true

68
Q

Natural Immune System has 4 cardinal signs

True or false

A

true

69
Q

The 4 cardinal signs results from:

A
  • Increased blood and plasma flow to the area
  • Increased capillary permeability by retraction of endothelial cells
  • Increased capillary permeability by retraction of endothelial cells
  • Migration of leucocytes, particularly Neutrophils and macrophages, from the capillaries to the site of injury
70
Q

examples of vaso active agents

A

histamine
and prostaglandins.

71
Q

These are derived from injured cells and later from cells that infiltrate the area

A

vaso active agents

72
Q

Migration of leucocytes, particularly Neutrophils and macrophages, from the capillaries to the site of injury is due to a process called

A

chemotaxis

73
Q

a series of enzymes normally circulating in an inactive form may be activated
resulting in lysis or enhanced phagocytosis of cells

A

Complement

74
Q

These are the External Innate Defense Systems that prevents entrance

A
  • Structural barriers
  • Mucus
  • Normal flora
75
Q

effective with most
microorganisms

A

Structural barriers

76
Q

layers of tightly packed epithelial cells. Outer layer is dead cells and
keratin, waterproofing protein

A

Skin - epidermis

77
Q

blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
that produce an oily secretion

A

Inner layer skin - dermis

78
Q

oily secretion is called

A

sebum

79
Q

helps expel microbe containing mucous

A

helps expel microbe containing mucous

80
Q

The Sneeze is under structural barriers

true or false

A

true

81
Q

conjunctivae, alimentary, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts

A

Mucus

82
Q

conjunctivae, alimentary, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts

A

Mucus

83
Q

They wash away invaders and contain antibacterial or antiviral substances.

A

saliva, tears, and mucous secretions

84
Q

pH of sweat, sebaceous glands

A

pH 5.6

85
Q

pH of vagina

A

pH 5

86
Q

pH of the stomach

A

pH 1

87
Q

The pH unfriendly to many
microorganisms

A

pH 1

88
Q

These are enzymes present in the skin and stomach, tears

A

Mucus

89
Q

These are enzymes present in the skin and stomach, tears

A

Mucus

90
Q

out compete pathogens for attachment sites on the epithelial cell surface and for necessary nutrients

A

normal flora

91
Q

In Internal Innate Defense System, there are in order to prevent expansion of penetration:

A
  • Recognize carbohydrates not normally present on cells such as mannose
  • May cause nonspecific activation of white cells
  • Clotting mechanism which entraps organisms in fibrin clots
  • Complement System can lyse cells or enhance phagocytosis
92
Q

Phagocytosis is acted by …

A

by neutraphils, eosinophils, basophils, or macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells

93
Q

Soluble factors contribute to innate immunity, they are
collectively known as …

A

acute phase reactants.

94
Q

Produced mostly by liver in response to inflammation and cytokine stimulation

A

Physiologic Barriers

95
Q

Normal serum components, non-specific responders to
inflammation

A

Physiologic Barriers

96
Q

This is Increased because of infection, injury, trauma

A

Physiologic Barriers

97
Q

These are the cytokines which are produced by
macrophages and monocytes at inflammatory site are activators

A

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha

98
Q

Acute phase reactants are chemically varied and include:

MASH FCCC

A
  • mannose binding protein
  • alpha-1 anti-trypsin
  • serum amyloid A
  • haptoglobulin
  • fibrinogen
  • C-reactive protein
  • ceruloplasmin
  • Complement
99
Q

a series of enzymes normally circulating
in an inactive form

A

Complement

100
Q

The complement system may be activated by the

A

by the classical or alternate
pathways

101
Q

This can result in lysis or enhanced phagocytosis of cells

A

Complement

102
Q

a hydrolytic enzyme in mucous secretions and in tears, can cleave the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wal

A

Lysozyme

103
Q

proteins produced by virus-infected cells. Has many functions including ability to bind to nearby cells and induce a generalized antiviral state

A

Interferon

104
Q

Normally trace levels in serum

A

C-Reactive Protein

105
Q

Early acute inflammation indicator increases within HOW MANY HOURS of infection or trauma?

A

4-6 hrs

106
Q

Early acute inflammation indicator 1000 to 10000 fold increase serum concentration

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

100 to 1000

107
Q

Early acute inflammation indicator 1000 to 10000 fold increase serum concentration

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

100 to 1000

108
Q

concentration drops rapidly in serum when stimulus
removed

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

109
Q

Enhances opsonization, agglutination, precipitation, and classical pathway complement
activation – enhances removal of irritant

A

C-Reactive Protein

110
Q

Phagocytic cells Chemotaxins such as

A
  • Complement components
  • Coagulation cascade proteins
  • Bacterial and viral products
111
Q

Attract phagocytic cells including …

A

Mast cell, lymphocyte, macrophage, neutrophil
products

112
Q

Physical contact between phagocytic cell and foreign
object results in

A
  • Formation of phagosome
  • Formation of phagolysosome
  • Digestion
  • Release of debris
113
Q

Is a form of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis

114
Q

Important body defense mechanism is process in which specialized cells engulf and destroy foreign particles such as microorganisms or damaged cells.

A

Phagocytosis

115
Q

These are the most
important phagocytic cells.

A

Macrophages and segmented Neutrophiils

116
Q

Phagocytosis can be divided into several stages:

DEA

A
  • Digestion
  • Engulfment
  • Adherence
117
Q

binding of organism to the surface of
phagocytic cell

A

Adherence

118
Q

is the injestion of m/os and formation of
phagosomes

A

Engulfment

119
Q

after the foreign particle or m/os is ingested, cytoplasm lysosome fuse with phagosome. The enzymes of lysosome then contribute to microbial
killing and lysis.

A

Digestion

120
Q

– attraction of leukocytes or other cells by
chemicals

A

chemotaxis

121
Q

Movement of neutraphils is influenced by what

A

chemotaxins

122
Q

These are chemical messangers that facilitate Movement of neutraphils

A

chemotaxins

123
Q

This is what happens in chemotaxis

PCS

A
  • Products from bacteria and viruses
  • Complement, proteins from coagulation
  • Secretions from mast cells, lymphocytes,
    macrophages, and other neutraphils
124
Q

What are the 5 steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. Baterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called pseudopodia
  2. Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
  3. phagosome fuses with lysosome
  4. Lysosomal enzymes digest captures material
  5. Digestion products are released from cell
125
Q

Adaptive Immunity is specific

true or fase

A

true

126
Q

It is the Second line of defense

A

Adaptive Immunity

127
Q

Repeated exposure - augmented – memory

A

Adaptive immunity

128
Q

This immunity has a Faster response

A

adaptive immunity

129
Q

More vigorous response and Longer lasting response

A

Adaptive Immunity

130
Q

Anamnestic

A

Adaptive immunity

131
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Classic Immune System
132
Q

The classic immune system is composed of what?

A
  • Cells (Cell mediated) =CMI
  • Soluble Factors (Humoral immunity) = HI
133
Q

Capable of recognizing and selectively eliminating specific foreign microorganisms and molecules(i.e., foreign antigens)

A

The adaptive immune system

134
Q

Unlike innate immune responses, this immune
responses are reactions to specific antigenic challenges

A

The adaptive immune system

135
Q

Different populations of lymphocytes and their products are the major actors together with accessory cells – Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

The adaptive immune system

136
Q

Different populations of lymphocytes and their products are the major actors together with accessory cells – Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

The adaptive immune system

137
Q

What are the cardinal features of adaptive immune response?

A
  • Specificity
  • Diversity and Memory
138
Q

specific for distinct antigen

A

Specificity

139
Q

for different structural components of a single
complex protein, polysaccharide, or other
macromolecules.

A

Specificity

140
Q

Portions of such antigens recognized by individual
lymphocytes are called

A

determinants or epitopes

141
Q

This fine specificity exists because individual
lymphocyte express membrane receptors able to
distinguish subtle (slight) differences in structure
between distinct antigens.

A

Specificity

142
Q

total number of antigenic specificities of the
lymphocytes in an individual, called the WHAT? is extremely large.

A

lymphocyte repertoire

143
Q

estimated mammalian immune system can discriminate
10^9 to 10^11 distinct antigenic date ruminants

A

Diversity

144
Q

This property of the lymphocyte repertoire is called
WHAT? It is the result of variability in the structures of
antigen- binding sites of lymphocyte receptors for
antigens.

A

diversity.

145
Q

Exposure of the immune system to foreign
antigen

A

Memory

146
Q

enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen.

A

memory

147
Q

Responses to second and subsequent exposure to
the same antigen, called

A

secondary immune
responses

148
Q

are usually more rapid and larger than the
first or primary immune response.

A

memory

149
Q

An effective immune response involves three major
groups of cells:

A
  • Cellular Immunity (T lymphocytes)
  • Humoral Immunity (B cells)
  • Accessory cells
    (antigen-presenting cells)
150
Q

The two major populations of lymphocytes which provide
us with our specific adaptive immunity

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) of Humoral immunity and T
lymphocytes (T cells) of Cellular Immunity

151
Q

–the immune system responds in distinct
and special ways to different microbes, maximizing the
efficiency of antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Thus,
humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity are
elicited by different classes of microbes or by the same
microbe at different stages of infection (extra cellular &
intra cellular)

A

Specialization –

152
Q

All normal immune responses returning
the immune system to its resting or basal state with time
after antigen stimulations

A

 Self –limitation

153
Q

returning of the immune system to its resting or basal state with time
after antigen stimulations, process called

A

homeostasis

154
Q

Not antigen specific

A

Innate immunity

155
Q

Antigen specific

A

Adaptive immunity

156
Q

No memory

A

innate immunity

157
Q

Development
of memory

A

adaptive immnity

158
Q

No time lag

A

Innate immunity

159
Q

A lag period

A

Adaptive immunity

IMMUNOSERO LEC (2 decks)

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