BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
The study of immune system or immunity
A
Immunology
2
Q
the study of all aspects of host defense against infection and of adverse consequences of immune responses.
A
Immunology
3
Q
The study of the physiological mechanisms which enable the body to recognize materials as foreign and to neutralize, metabolize or eliminate them without
injury to the host tissue.
A
Immunology
4
Q
State of protection from infectious diseases
A
Immunity
5
Q
A remarkably versatile defense system that has evolved to protect animals from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer
A
Immune system
6
Q
It is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating an apparently limitless variety of foreign
invaders
A
Immune system
7
Q
Chinese(1500A.D) custom of inhaling what ? to prevent development of small pox in later life
A
inhaling crusts from smallpox lesions
8
Q
Injecting materials from crusts or fluid from smallpox blisters (“variolation”), used through out the eastern world, in 1718 was introduced into western medicine by WHO?, to Turkey, had her children so
treated.
A
British ambassador’s wife
9
Q
Jenner’s work on vaccination, describing a related, yet safe procedure. What year?
A
1798,
10
Q
Noted people, who had cow pox, were spared in small pox epidemics, inoculated boy with pus from WHAT with cow pox,
and re-inoculated same boy with infectious pus from a
patient in the active small pox. No disease state followed these inoculations, and experiment was repeated several times with great success!
A
from milk maid
11
Q
He demonstrated that it was possible to attenuate, or weaken, a pathogen and administer the attenuated strain as a vaccine.
A
Louis Pasteur
12
Q
In 1885, he administered his first vaccine to a human, a
young boy who had been bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog
A
Louis Pasteur-
13
Q
What was the name of the young boy who wa the first to receive a vaccine?
A
Joseph Meister
14
Q
He provided first clear evidence that active immunization could be used safely to prevent an infectious disease
A
Jenner
15
Q
He introduced pasteurization also
A
Louis Pasteur
16
Q
Almost how many years later did Pasteur introduce pasteurization?
A
Almost 70 Years later
17
Q
Almost how many years later did Pasteur introduce pasteurization?
A
Almost 70 Years later
18
Q
He recognized and exploited the general principle
underlying vaccination
A
Louis Pasteur
19
Q
What year did the role of phagocytes and cellular immunity
elucidated?
A
1900
20
Q
What year were killed vaccines were introduced?
A
1900
21
Q
What year was complement described?
A
1900
22
Q
This resulted from both cellular and humoral elements were demonstrated.
A
Acquired immunity
23
Q
When was acquired immunity founded to result from both cellular and
humoral elements were demonstrated?
A
20th century
24
Q
When was Opsonization described?
A
20th century
25
When did the term antigen come in to regular use?
20th century
26
Serum antitoxins, 1901
| Noble Prize Winners
Emil von Behring
27
Cellular immunity to tuberculosis, 1905
| Noble Prize Winners
Robert Koch
28
Role of phagocytosis, 1098
| Nobel prize winners
Elie Metchnikoff
29
antitoxins in immunity, 1908
| Nobel Prize Winners
Paul Ehrlich
30
Anaphylaxis, 1913
| Nobel Prize winners
Charles Richet
31
Complement-mediated bacteriolysis, 1919
| Nobel Prize Winners
Jules Border
32
Discovery of human blood groups, 1930
| Nobel Prize Winners
Karl Landsteiner
33
Development of yellow fever vaccine, 1951
Max Theiler
34
Antihistamines, 1957
Daniel Bovet
35
Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, 1960
F. Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar
36
Chemical structure of antibodies, 1972
Rodney R. Porter and Gerald M. Edelman
37
Development of radioimmunoassay, 1977
Rosalyn R. Yalow
38
Major histocompatibility complex, 1980
George Snell, Jean Daussct and Baruj Benacerraf
39
Monoclonal antibody, 1984
Cesar Milstein and Georges E. Köhler
40
Immune regulatory theories, 1984
Niels K. Jerne
41
Gene rearrangement in antibody production, 1987
Susumu Tonegawa
42
Transplantation immunology, 1991
E. Donnall Thomas and Joseph Murray
43
Role of major histocompatibility complex, 1996
Peter C. Doherty
44
in antigen recognition by by T cells, 1996
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
45
This is the body’s response to disease and injury
immune system
46
This is the Nonspecific response
Innate immunity
47
This is the Specific response
acquired immunity
48
The T cell is part of what immune response?
specific immune response
49
What are the exterior barriers in the non specific response?
| SMS
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Secretions
50
Involves myeloid leukocytes (including all phagocytic cells) such as macrophages
Nonspecific response
51
Participate in the inflammatory response to injury
or disease
Non specific response
52
Mast cells are involved in non specific response
| true or false
true
53
These are proteins that signal between cells
cytokines
54
This is the antigen-antibody relationship (acquired
immunity)
Specific response
55
Vaccinations depend on this response
Specific response
56
This response Involves lymphocytes (B, T
and plasma cells)
Specific response
57
It is
- Non specific
- First line of defense
- Repeated exposure = no augmentation
Natural Immunity System (Innate Immunity)
58
What are the components of Natural Immune system?
- Biochemical
- Physical
- Cells
59
Biochemical components of Natural Immune System is composed of what?
- enzymes, C'
- Secretions
- Ph
60
Physical component of Natural Immune system is composed of what?
- skin
- cilia
61
Physical component of Natural Immune system is composed of what?
- skin
- cilia
62
The CELLS component of Natural Immune System is composed of what?
- Phagocytes
- Natural Killer Cells
63
What is an example of Natural Immune System
Burn response
64
Overall non-specific reaction of body to injury or invasion starts immediately with infection or trauma
| True or false
true
65
These may may initiate, expand, or sustain the
response
Reactants
66
What are the 4 cardinal signs?
- heat
- pain
- redness
- loss of function
67
Natural Immune System dan be acute (short duration) or become chronic
(prolonged duration)
| true or false
true
68
Natural Immune System has 4 cardinal signs
| True or false
true
69
The 4 cardinal signs results from:
- Increased blood and plasma flow to the area
- Increased capillary permeability by retraction of endothelial cells
- Increased capillary permeability by retraction of endothelial cells
- Migration of leucocytes, particularly Neutrophils and macrophages, from the capillaries to the site of injury
70
examples of vaso active agents
histamine
and prostaglandins.
71
These are derived from injured cells and later from cells that infiltrate the area
vaso active agents
72
Migration of leucocytes, particularly Neutrophils and macrophages, from the capillaries to the site of injury is due to a process called
chemotaxis
73
a series of enzymes normally circulating in an inactive form may be activated
resulting in lysis or enhanced phagocytosis of cells
Complement
74
These are the External Innate Defense Systems that prevents entrance
- Structural barriers
- Mucus
- Normal flora
75
effective with most
microorganisms
Structural barriers
76
layers of tightly packed epithelial cells. Outer layer is dead cells and
keratin, waterproofing protein
Skin - epidermis
77
blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
that produce an oily secretion
Inner layer skin - dermis
78
oily secretion is called
sebum
79
helps expel microbe containing mucous
helps expel microbe containing mucous
80
The Sneeze is under structural barriers
| true or false
true
81
conjunctivae, alimentary, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts
Mucus
82
conjunctivae, alimentary, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts
Mucus
83
They wash away invaders and contain antibacterial or antiviral substances.
saliva, tears, and mucous secretions
84
pH of sweat, sebaceous glands
pH 5.6
85
pH of vagina
pH 5
86
pH of the stomach
pH 1
87
The pH unfriendly to many
microorganisms
pH 1
88
These are enzymes present in the skin and stomach, tears
Mucus
89
These are enzymes present in the skin and stomach, tears
Mucus
90
out compete pathogens for attachment sites on the epithelial cell surface and for necessary nutrients
normal flora
91
In Internal Innate Defense System, there are in order to prevent expansion of penetration:
- Recognize carbohydrates not normally present on cells such as mannose
- May cause nonspecific activation of white cells
- Clotting mechanism which entraps organisms in fibrin clots
- Complement System can lyse cells or enhance phagocytosis
92
Phagocytosis is acted by ...
by neutraphils, eosinophils, basophils, or macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells
93
Soluble factors contribute to innate immunity, they are
collectively known as ...
acute phase reactants.
94
Produced mostly by liver in response to inflammation and cytokine stimulation
Physiologic Barriers
95
Normal serum components, non-specific responders to
inflammation
Physiologic Barriers
96
This is Increased because of infection, injury, trauma
Physiologic Barriers
97
These are the cytokines which are produced by
macrophages and monocytes at inflammatory site are activators
IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha
98
Acute phase reactants are chemically varied and include:
| MASH FCCC
- mannose binding protein
- alpha-1 anti-trypsin
- serum amyloid A
- haptoglobulin
- fibrinogen
- C-reactive protein
- ceruloplasmin
- Complement
99
a series of enzymes normally circulating
in an inactive form
Complement
100
The complement system may be activated by the
by the classical or alternate
pathways
101
This can result in lysis or enhanced phagocytosis of cells
Complement
102
a hydrolytic enzyme in mucous secretions and in tears, can cleave the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wal
Lysozyme
103
proteins produced by virus-infected cells. Has many functions including ability to bind to nearby cells and induce a generalized antiviral state
Interferon
104
Normally trace levels in serum
C-Reactive Protein
105
Early acute inflammation indicator increases within HOW MANY HOURS of infection or trauma?
4-6 hrs
106
Early acute inflammation indicator 1000 to 10000 fold increase serum concentration
| TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
| 100 to 1000
107
Early acute inflammation indicator 1000 to 10000 fold increase serum concentration
| TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
| 100 to 1000
108
concentration drops rapidly in serum when stimulus
removed
| TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
109
Enhances opsonization, agglutination, precipitation, and classical pathway complement
activation – enhances removal of irritant
C-Reactive Protein
110
Phagocytic cells Chemotaxins such as
- Complement components
- Coagulation cascade proteins
- Bacterial and viral products
111
Attract phagocytic cells including ...
Mast cell, lymphocyte, macrophage, neutrophil
products
112
Physical contact between phagocytic cell and foreign
object results in
- Formation of phagosome
- Formation of phagolysosome
- Digestion
- Release of debris
113
Is a form of endocytosis
Phagocytosis
114
Important body defense mechanism is process in which specialized cells engulf and destroy foreign particles such as microorganisms or damaged cells.
Phagocytosis
115
These are the most
important phagocytic cells.
Macrophages and segmented Neutrophiils
116
Phagocytosis can be divided into several stages:
| DEA
- Digestion
- Engulfment
- Adherence
117
binding of organism to the surface of
phagocytic cell
Adherence
118
is the injestion of m/os and formation of
phagosomes
Engulfment
119
after the foreign particle or m/os is ingested, cytoplasm lysosome fuse with phagosome. The enzymes of lysosome then contribute to microbial
killing and lysis.
Digestion
120
– attraction of leukocytes or other cells by
chemicals
chemotaxis
121
Movement of neutraphils is influenced by what
chemotaxins
122
These are chemical messangers that facilitate Movement of neutraphils
chemotaxins
123
This is what happens in chemotaxis
| PCS
- Products from bacteria and viruses
- Complement, proteins from coagulation
- Secretions from mast cells, lymphocytes,
macrophages, and other neutraphils
124
What are the 5 steps in phagocytosis
1. Baterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called pseudopodia
2. Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
3. phagosome fuses with lysosome
4. Lysosomal enzymes digest captures material
5. Digestion products are released from cell
125
Adaptive Immunity is specific
| true or fase
true
126
It is the Second line of defense
Adaptive Immunity
127
Repeated exposure - augmented – memory
Adaptive immunity
128
This immunity has a Faster response
adaptive immunity
129
More vigorous response and Longer lasting response
Adaptive Immunity
130
Anamnestic
Adaptive immunity
131
What are the components of the adaptive immune system
- Classic Immune System
132
The classic immune system is composed of what?
- Cells (Cell mediated) =CMI
- Soluble Factors (Humoral immunity) = HI
133
Capable of recognizing and selectively eliminating specific foreign microorganisms and molecules(i.e., foreign antigens)
The adaptive immune system
134
Unlike innate immune responses, this immune
responses are reactions to specific antigenic challenges
The adaptive immune system
135
Different populations of lymphocytes and their products are the major actors together with accessory cells – Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
The adaptive immune system
136
Different populations of lymphocytes and their products are the major actors together with accessory cells – Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
The adaptive immune system
137
What are the cardinal features of adaptive immune response?
- Specificity
- Diversity and Memory
138
specific for distinct antigen
Specificity
139
for different structural components of a single
complex protein, polysaccharide, or other
macromolecules.
Specificity
140
Portions of such antigens recognized by individual
lymphocytes are called
determinants or epitopes
141
This fine specificity exists because individual
lymphocyte express membrane receptors able to
distinguish subtle (slight) differences in structure
between distinct antigens.
Specificity
142
total number of antigenic specificities of the
lymphocytes in an individual, called the WHAT? is extremely large.
lymphocyte repertoire
143
estimated mammalian immune system can discriminate
10^9 to 10^11 distinct antigenic date ruminants
Diversity
144
This property of the lymphocyte repertoire is called
WHAT? It is the result of variability in the structures of
antigen- binding sites of lymphocyte receptors for
antigens.
diversity.
145
Exposure of the immune system to foreign
antigen
Memory
146
enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen.
memory
147
Responses to second and subsequent exposure to
the same antigen, called
secondary immune
responses
148
are usually more rapid and larger than the
first or primary immune response.
memory
149
An effective immune response involves three major
groups of cells:
- Cellular Immunity (T lymphocytes)
- Humoral Immunity (B cells)
- Accessory cells
(antigen-presenting cells)
150
The two major populations of lymphocytes which provide
us with our specific adaptive immunity
B lymphocytes (B cells) of Humoral immunity and T
lymphocytes (T cells) of Cellular Immunity
151
–the immune system responds in distinct
and special ways to different microbes, maximizing the
efficiency of antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Thus,
humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity are
elicited by different classes of microbes or by the same
microbe at different stages of infection (extra cellular &
intra cellular)
Specialization –
152
All normal immune responses returning
the immune system to its resting or basal state with time
after antigen stimulations
Self –limitation
153
returning of the immune system to its resting or basal state with time
after antigen stimulations, process called
homeostasis
154
Not antigen specific
Innate immunity
155
Antigen specific
Adaptive immunity
156
No memory
innate immunity
157
Development
of memory
adaptive immnity
158
No time lag
Innate immunity
159
A lag period
Adaptive immunity
