Basic Histology Flashcards
1
Q
Type of tissue for LINING and COVERING
A
Epithelial Tissue
2
Q
Type of tissue for MOVEMENT
A
Muscle tissue
3
Q
Type of tissue for SUPPORT
A
Connective tissue
4
Q
Group of functionally related cells that work together
A
Tissues
5
Q
Special characteristics of epithelia wherein epithelial tissues always have an APICAL and BASAL surfaces
A
Polarity
6
Q
Type of tissue that forms most glands
A
Epithelial tissue
7
Q
Enumerate the Special characteristics of epithelia
A
Cellularity Specialized contacts Polarity Support by connective tissue Avascular Inmervated Regeneration
8
Q
Special characteristics of epithelia that may have junctions for both ATTACHMENT and COMMUNICATION
A
Specialized contacts
9
Q
Type fo tissue for CONTROL
A
Nervous tissue
10
Q
Enumerate the types of tissues
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
11
Q
Type of tissue that COVERS a body surface and LINES a body cavity
A
Epithelial tissue
12
Q
Special characteristics of epithelia wherein at the basal surface, both epithelial tissue and connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane
A
Support by connective tissue
13
Q
Special characteristics of epithelia wherein the CELLS ARE IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER with little or no intercellular spaces between them.
A
Cellularity
14
Q
This type of tissue functions as protection, for absorption secretion and ion transport, filtration and forms slippery surfaces.
A
Epithelial tissue
15
Q
Special characteristics of epithelia
A
Innervated
16
Q
Enumerate the factors holding epithelial cells together
A
ADHESION PROTEINS link plasma membranes of adjacent cells
CONTOURS of adjacent cell membranes
17
Q
Enumerate the functions of Epithelial tissue
A
protection
absorption secretion and ion transport
filtration
forms slippery surfaces.
18
Q
Enumerate special cell junctions
A
Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
19
Q
Lateral surface feature
A
Cell junction
20
Q
Special characteristics of epithelia wherein NUTRIENTS MUST DIFFUSE
A
Avascular
21
Q
Also known as ZONA OCCLUDENS
A
Tight junctions
22
Q
This cell junction close off INTERCELLULAR SPACE
A
Tight junctions (zona occludens)
23
Q
This cell junctions are found at the APICAL region of most epithelial types
A
Tight junctions
24
Q
In this cell junction, some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are FUSED
A
Zona occludens
25
This type of cell junction along with tight junctions, form tge TIGHT JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX around the apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues
Adherens junctions
26
This cell junctions preven molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue
Tight junctions
27
In this cell junction, the transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and BIND ADJACENT CELLS
Adherens junctions
28
Cell junctions also known as ZONULA ADHERENS
Adherens junctions
29
Are two disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space
Desmosomes
30
Proteins that join the plaques of adjoining cells
Cadherins
31
This is the ANCHORING JUNCTION
Adherens junctions
32
In this cell junction the intermediate filament insert into plaques from cytoplasmic side
Desmosome
33
This is the passageway between two adjacent cells
Gap junctions
34
This cell junction let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells
Gap junctions
35
Basal feature
Basal lamina
36
In this cell junction the cells are connected by HOLLOW CYLINDERS of protein
Gap junctions
37
In this cell junction the PROTEINS INTERDIGITATE into extra cellular space
Desmosomes
38
Is a non cellular SUPPORTING SHEET between epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
Basal lamina
39
This indicates the number of layers
First name
40
One layer of cells
Simple
41
First name indicates the ________
Number of layers
42
More than one layer of cells
Stratified
43
This consists of proteins secreted by epithelial cells
Basal lamina
44
Cells are WIDER than tall
Squamous
45
Acts as a SCAFFOLDING along which regenerating epithelial cells can migrate
Basal lamina
46
Plate of scale like cells
Squamous
47
This describes the SHAPE of cells
Last name
48
This acts as a SELECTIVE FILTER, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium
Basal lamina
49
Cells are TALLER than they are wide
Columnar
50
Slick lining of HOLLOW ORGANS
Endothelium
51
Column -like cells
Columnar
52
Cells are AS WIDE as they are TALL
Cuboidal
53
Special epithelial tissues that don’t follow naming convention
Pseudo stratified
| Transitional
54
Single layer of FLAT cells with DISC SHAPED nuclei
Stratified squamous epithelium
55
Cells as in cubes
Cuboidal
56
Enumerate the accessory structures of tissues
Goblet cells
Cilia
Keratin
57
Special types of simple squamous epithelium
Endothelium
| Mesothelium
58
Covers the visceral organs of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
Mesothelium
59
Inner covering
Endothelium
60
Secretes lubricating substances in the serosae
Simple squamous epithelium
61
Found in the renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels, and lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
Simple squamous epithelium
62
What forms the basement membrane
Basal lamina and reticular fibers found on the connective tissue
63
Lines the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
Mesothelium
64
Middle cover
Mesothelium
65
Functions in absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
Simple columnar epithelium
66
This act as the passage of materials by PASSIVE DIFFUSION and FILTRATION
Simple squamous epithelium
67
Enumerate the locations where simple squamous epithelium can be found
renal corpuscles
alveoli of lungs
lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
68
Non ciliated form of this epithelium lines the digestive tract, gallbladder, and ducts of some glands
Simple columnar epithelium
69
This epithelium is located in the kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary, and thyroid follicles
Simple cuboidal epithelium
70
SINGLE layer of COLUMN SHAPED (rectangular) cellss with OVAL nuclei
Simple columnar epithelium
71
Cilitiated type of this epithelium PROPELS MUCUS or reproductive cells by ciliary action
Simple columnar epithelium
72
Functions in the SECRETION of MUCUS and PROPULSION OF MUCUS by cilia
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
73
Regenerate from below
Stratified epithelia
74
SINGLE layer of CUBE LIKE cells with LARGE, SPHERICAL CENTRAL NUCLEI
Simple cuboidal epithelium
75
All cells originate from the basement membrane
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
76
This epithelium functions for secretion and absorption
Simple cuboidal epithelium
77
Names according to the SHAPE of cells in the APICAL layer
Stratified epithelia
78
Non ciliated type of this epithelium is located in the ducts of male reproductive tubes and ducts of large glands
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
79
Ciliated form of this epithelium lines the small bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
Simple columnar epithelium
80
Only tall cells reach the apical surface
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
81
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
Stratified squamous epithelium
82
Major role is for PROTECTION
Stratified epithelia
83
Forms moist lining of body openings
Non keratinized
84
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Stratified squamous epithelium
85
Nuclei lie at varying heights and within cells that gives false impression of stratification
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
86
Contains the protective protein keratin
Keratinized
87
Contains two or more layers of cells
Stratified epithelia
88
Thickest epithelial tissue (adapted for protection)
Stratified squamous epithelium
89
Are dead and full of keratin
Surface cells
90
Basal cells that are usually cuboidal or columnar
Transitional epithelium
91
Enumerate the specific types of Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized
| Non keratinized
92
Enumerate the diverse glands of glandular epithelium
```
Mucus secreting
Sweat and oil
Salivary
Liver and pancreas
Mammary
```
93
This specific type of Stratified squamous epithelium forms the epidermis
Keratinized
94
Ciliated variety of this epithelium lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
95
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
96
This specific type of Stratified squamous epithelium forms the lining of ESOPHAGUS, MOUTH, and VAGINA
Stratified squamous epithelium
97
Many layers of squamous shaped cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
98
Superficial cells that are dome shaped or squamous
Transitional epithelium
99
Stretches and permits DISTENSION of urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
100
Type of epithelium that may be UNICELLULAR or MULTICELLULAR
Glandular epithelium
101
Produce MUCIN
Goblet cells
102
Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces
Goblet cells
103
Ducts that carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
Glandular epithelium
104
This epithelium lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part of urethra
Transitional epithelium
105
Mucin added to water gives
| Mucin+water
Mucus
106
Sebaceous gland
Holocrine secretion
107
Unicellular exocrine gland
Goblet cells
108
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified according to what
Structure of duct (branching and shape)
| Mode or type of secretion
109
Apical portion of the cell is lost
Apocrine
110
Salivary gland
Merocrine secretion
111
Secretory vesicles released via exocytosis
Merocrine
112
Cytoplasm + secretory product
Apocrine
113
Glands with mucus secretion
Sublingual glands
| Goblet cells
114
Type of secretion wherein serous and mucous is combined
Mixed
115
Mammary glands
Apocrine secretion
116
Special characteristics of epithelia wherein they have a high capacity of REGENERATION
Regeneration
117
Glands with serous secretions
Parotid
| Pancreas
118
Entire cell is destroyed during secretion
Holocrine
119
Type of secretion that is MOSTLY WATER but contains some enzymes
Serous
120
Mucus secretion
Mucuos
121
Gland with mixed secretion
Sub mandibular gland
122
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Connective tissue
123
Enumerate the components of connective tissue
Cells
| Matrix
124
Embryonic origin of connective tissue
Mesenchyme
125
Main classes of CT
CT proper
Blood
Cartilage
Bone tissue
126
Fluid CT
Blood
127
Supporting CT
Cartilage
| Bone tissue
128
The matrix of CT is composed of what
Protein fibers
| Ground substance
129
Structures found on the CT proper
Cells
Fibers
Ground substance
130
Cells found on the CT proper
```
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Adipocytes
Mast cells
Stem cells
```
131
Antibody producing cells
Lymphocytes
132
Very strong, abundant, long and straight fibers
Collagen
133
Branching fibers with a wavy appearance when relaxed
Elastic fibers
134
Form a network of fibers that form a supportive framework in soft organs
Reticular fiber
135
Fat cells
Adipocytes
136
Helps determine functionality of tissue
Ground substance
137
loose CT
Areolar
Reticular
Adipose
138
Dense CT
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
139
Fiber of the spleen and liver
Reticular fiber
140
Fills the extra cellular space along with fibers
Ground substance
141
2 classifications of CT proper
Loose CT
| Dense CT
142
Gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types for support
Areolar CT
143
Highly vascular tissue composed of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBC, adipocytes
Areolar CT
144
Closely packed adipocytes
Adipose tissue
145
Wraps and cushions organs
Areolar CT
146
Holds and conveys tissue fluid
Areolar CT
147
Tissue found under the skin, around the kidneys, behind eyeballs, within abdomen and breasts
Adipose tissue
148
The ground substance of this CT is made up of glycoproteins also made and secreted by fibroblasts
Areolar CT
150
MAIN BATTLEFIELD in fight against infection
Areolar CT
150
Widely distributed under epithelia, packages organs and surrounds capillaries
Areolar CT
151
Has an important role in inflammation
Areolar CT
152
Network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance
Reticular CT
153
Forms a soft, internal skeleton called stroma that supports other cell types
Reticular CT
154
Have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet
Adipose tissue
155
Support and protects organs
Adipose tissue
156
Insulates against heat loss
Adipose tissue
157
Includes some elastic fibers and fibroblasts
Dense irregular CT
158
Soft internal skeleton that supports other organs
Reticular CT
159
The CT withstands tension and provides structural strength
Dense irregular CT
160
Primarily PARALLEL collagen fibers
Dense regular CT
161
Tissue found on the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract and fibrous capsules of joints and organs
Dense irregular CT
162
Primarily IRREGULARLY arranged collagen fibers
Dense irregular CT
163
Attaches muscle to bone
Dense regular CT
164
CT found on lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen
Reticular CT
164
Poorly vascularized CT
Dense regular CT
166
Also includes fibroblasts and some elastic fibers
Dense regular CT
167
Attaches bone to bone
Dense regular CT
168
Firm and flexible tissue
Cartilage
169
Can withstand great stress in one direction
Dense regular CT
170
Tissues found on the tendons and ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia around muscles
Dense regular CT
171
Cell type of cartilage
Chondrocyte
172
Tissue that contains no BLOOD VESSELS or nerves
Cartilage
173
Matrix contains up to 80% water
Cartilage
174
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
175
Supports and reinforces
Hyaline cartilage
176
Imperceptible collagen fibers
Hyaline cartilage
177
Produced by the chondroblasts
Matrix
178
Act as a resilient cushion
Hyaline cartilage
179
Lie in the lacunae
Chondrocytes
180
Resists repetitive stress
Hyaline cartilage
181
Type of cartilage that allows great flexibility
Elastic cartilage
182
Hyaline means
Glassy
184
Has similar matrix but less firm than the hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
185
Maintains shape of structure
Elastic cartilage
186
Has tensile strength and ability to absorb comprehensive shock
Fibrocartilage
187
Cartilage found on the ends of the long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, and larynx
Hyaline cartilage
188
Similar to hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
189
Supports the external ear and the epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
189
Thick collagen fibers predominate
Fibrocartilage
190
Supports and protects organs
Bone tissue
191
Located in the vertebral disc, pubic symphysis and discs of knee joint
Fibrocartilage
192
Has more elastic fibers in matrix
Elastic cartilage
193
RBC and WBC in a fluid matrix
Blood tissue
194
Store calcium and other minerals
Bone tissue
195
Site for blood cell formation
Marrow
196
Provides levers and attachment site for muscles
Bone tissue
197
An atypical CT
Blood tissue
198
Tissue found in bones
Bone tissue
199
Cover broad areas within the body
Covering and lining membranes
200
Fluid matrix
Plasma
201
Function is for transport of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes
Blood tissue
202
Consists of cells surrounded by a fluid matrix
Blood tissue
203
Store fats
Bone tissue
204
Tissue found within the blood vessels
Blood tissue
205
Combine ET and CT
Covering and lining membranes
206
Consists of epithelial sheets plus underlying CT
Covering and lining membranes
207
Slippery membrane
Serous membrane
208
Line hollow organs that open to surface of the body
Mucous membrane
209
Secretes synovial fluid that lubricates, protects and cushions joint structures
Synovial membrane
210
Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar CT
Serous membrane
211
An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propia
Mucous membrane
213
Simple squamous +areolar CT/loose
Synovial membrane
214
Function is for voluntary movement, manipulation of environment and facial expression
Skeletal muscle tissue
215
What type of membrane has the skin have
Cutaneous membrane
216
Fluid that lubricates, protects and cushions joint structures
Synovial fluid
217
Line closed cavities, pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity
Serous membrane
218
Lining joint cavities
Synovial membrane
218
Long, cylindrical cell that are multinucleated and has obvious striations
Skeletal muscle
219
Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
Cardiac muscle tissue
220
Propels substances along internal passageways and has involuntary control
Smooth muscle tissue
221
Occurs in the walls of the heart
Cardiac muscle tissue
222
Found of skeletal muscle attached to bones
Skeletal muscle tissue
223
Tissue found on the brain spinal cord and nerves
Nervous tissue
224
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
224
Branching cells that are uni nucleated and has intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle tissue
225
Found mostly on walls of hollow organs
Smooth muscle tissue
227
Excitatory cells
Neurons
228
Spindle shaped cells with central nuclei that are arranged closely to form sheets and has no striations
Smooth muscle tissue
230
Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
Nervous tissue
230
Contains two types of cells
Nervous tissue
231
Tissue response to injury
RESTORATION
Inflammation
Regeneration
```
INFLAMMATION
Swelling
Warmth
Redness
Pain
```
232
Supporting cells
Neuroglial cells
233
Goal of tissue response to injury
Restore normal tissue function
234
Releases vasodilator such as histamine
Mast cell activation
235
Process od tissue response to injury
Fibroblasts activates to produce fibrous tissue, usually remodeled over time
236
Epithelia thin, collagen decreases, bones muscles and nerves tissue begin to atrophy, poor nutrition and poor circulation, increased chance of developing cancer
Increasing age
237
Challenges of tissue response to injury
Some tissues are NON VASCULAR and will repair VERY SLOWLY
if EXCITABLE tissue is replaced by SCAR tissue FUNCTION IS LOST
237
This is when tissues differentiate
Gastrulation
238
Stage where primary tissue types have appeared and major organs are in place
End of Second month development
240
The most important time in your life
Gastrulation
241
Stage where only few tissues regenerate and many tissues still retain populations of stem cells
Adulthood
