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Biology (1-2) > Basic Genes & Ch 13 > Flashcards

Basic Genes & Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gene

A

basic physical and functional unit of heredity

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2
Q

Info abt Genes?

A

Made of DNA / Every person 2 copies, 1 from ech parent / 20-25,000 genes a person / Separated in sequence called Condon

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3
Q

Define Heritability

A

measure of how well differences n peeps genes account for differences in their traits.

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4
Q

Define Allele

A

one of 2 or more alt forms of a gene that arise by mutation & found at the same place on a chromosome

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5
Q

Info on Allele?

A

AKA traits / expression is determined by the dominance/recessiveness

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6
Q

Define Chromosomes.

A

threadlike structures of nucleic / acids & protein found n nucleus of most living cells

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7
Q

Info on Chromosomes.

A

carry genetic info n form of genes,in eukaryotes, DNA spend majority of time in jumbled mess called chromatin.. these genes r compacted

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8
Q

What is a Locus?

A

Location of Allele on chromosomes

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9
Q

How many chromosomes we receive from each parent?

A

23

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10
Q

Difference between Dominant and Recessive Alleles?

A

D - will show the effect if at least 1 is present / R - will show the effect if it is the only one

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11
Q

Identify what hair color will be if B = Black, b = brown - BB / Bb / bb

A

Black / Black / Brown

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12
Q

Define Mutation.

A

Change in DNA sequence

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13
Q

Info on Mutation.

A

Caused by copying mistakes, exposure to chemicals, viruses, etc.. / Affect allele and frequency of pop / Some beneficial, most detrimental or not significant

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14
Q

Info on Charles Darwin (part 1)

A

Wrote Origin of Species / Went on voyage & documented many plants & animals / Hypothesis - present day species descended from ancient ancestors

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15
Q

Info on Charles Darwin (Part 2)

A

Came up w/ Natural Selection / Origin of species gave birth to Evolution

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16
Q

Define Fossils

A

imprints/remains of organisms that lived in the past

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17
Q

Define Homolgy

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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18
Q

Define Homologous structures

A

different functions but are structurally similar

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19
Q

Vestigial structures

A

features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

19
Q

Define Evolutionary/Phylogenetic trees

A

shows theoretical relationship between descendant species from a common ancestor thru a branching “tree”

20
Q

Info on Phylogenetic Trees

A

Close relatives share more recent branch point than those that aren’t /
supported by a strong combo of fossil, anatomical, and molecular data.

21
Q

Define artificial selection

A

selective breeding to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

22
Q

Difference between artificial & natural selection

A

artificial S - manipulated for certain traits & goal directed / Natural S - completely dependent on environmental factors that vary

23
Q

Define Genetic Variation

A

difference n DNA & phenotypic expression among individuals or differences between populations.

24
How mutation & Sexual Reproduction work together?
M introduces new alleles into population & SR allows for transfer of alleles into future generations.
25
Define population
group of individuals - same species, same area & maybe interbred.
26
Info on Population Evolution
Evolution acts on pop over time NOT individuals / When studying pop eco, biologists focus on the gene pool / usually 2 or more alleles for most /
27
Define Microevolution
Relative frequencies of alleles in a pop change over a # of generations / occurs on smallest scale
28
Define Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Static pop where a gene pool doesn’t change, mixing of alleles that accompanies sexual reproduction doesn’t alter the genetic makeup of the pop.
29
Info on Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Measured by fraction of a certain genotype within a pop / Allele frequencies measured by total # of alleles in pop / Dominant alleles - p. Recessive alleles - q /
30
Define Genetic Drift
Change in freq of existing allele in pop due to random sampling of organisms.
31
Define Genetic Drift
Change in freq of existing allele in pop due to random sampling of organisms.
32
Define Bottleneck effect (genetic drift)
Catastrophes (hurricanes, floods,etc..) may kill large #s of individuals, leaving a small surviving pop that is unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original pop
33
Define Founder effect (Genetic Drift)
when a few individuals colonize an island or other new habitat / smaller the group, less likely the gene makeup of colonists represents the gene pool of their former, larger pop.
34
Define Gene flow
process where a pop may gain/lose alleles when fertile individuals or gametes move into/out of a pop
35
Define Relative fitness
measure of the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool.
36
Info on relative fitness
“fittest" individuals produce largest # of viable, fertile offspring & pass on the most genes to next gen / reproductive rate relative to max reproductive rate in given pop.
37
Types of natural selection?
Disruptive, Stabilizing, & Directional
38
Define Disruptive Selection
changes in pop genetics where extreme values are favored over intermediate values for traits
39
Define Stabilizing Selection
where pop mean stabilizes on particular non-extreme, intermediate trait value
40
Define Directional Selection
individuals w/ traits on one side of the mean in their pop survive better/ reproduce more than the opposite side
41
What is Sexual Selection?
Individuals w/ certain traits more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
42
Sexual dimorphism
Different in appearance between males & females
43
Define Diploidy
Having 2 sets of chromosomes especially in somatic cells
44
Define Balancing Selection
natural selection maintains stable freq of 2 or more phenotypic forms in a pop
45
Define Heterozygote advantage
balancing selection where hetero individuals have greater reproductive success than either type of homo

Biology (1-2) (14 decks)

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