Basic final Flashcards
The Columbian Exchange
-widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and technology (P.A.C.HP.T) between the old world & new world
-occurred after Christopher Columbus’ 1st voyage to the America’s in 1492
-exchange of goods & ideas between Europe, Africa & the Americas significant ecological, cultural, economic impacts
-ex.) introduction of new crops like maize, potatoes, & tomatoes in Europe helped fuel population growth
ex.) transfer of diseases like small pox decimated indigenous populations in the Americas
Triangular Trade
-system of trade routes that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the 16th-19th centuries
-European merchants transported goods like textiles, rum, and guns (T.R.G) to Africa in exchange for slaves, who were transported to the Americas to work on plantations
-profits from the sale of slave-produced goods (sugar & tobacco) were used to purchase more European goods
-significant economic & social impacts like the enslavement of millions of Africans & the development of new industries in Europe and the Americas
Royal Absolutism
-form of monarchy that emerged in Europe during the 17-18th centuries
-monarch held absolute power & authority over the state & its citizens
-characterized by the centralization of power, the suppression of dissent, & the use of state power to enforce religious conformity (C.S.U)
-Impacts on European politics, leading to the consolidation of state power & the growth of resistance movements that challenged the authority of the monarch
Peter the Great
-Russian tsar who ruled from 1682-1725
-efforts to modernize & westernize russia
-reforms in industry, education, & culture
-build a new capital city (St. Petersburg), which became a symbol of his efforts to transform Russia into a European style power
-impacts on society & politics, paving the way for Russia’s emergence as a major European power in 18 &19th centuries.
Estates General
-representative assembly in France called by the King to address political & economic issues
-composed of 3 estates: Clergy, Nobility, Commoners (C.N.C)
-social and political impact as they served as a forum for debates over political reform & representation
-played a key role in the French revolution as the 3rd estate’s demand for representation led to the establishment of a National Assembly & downfall of the monarchy
Olympe de Gouges
-French feminist playwright who lived during the late 18th century
-advocated for women’s rights (right to vote and participate in politics)
-wrote a # of plays & pamphlets challenging prevailing attitudes towards gender & sexuality
-impact on the feminist movement, inspiring generations of women to fight for equal rights & challenging traditional notions of gender roles & identity
Laissez-faire
-economic philosophy that advocates for minimal govt intervention in economic affairs
-emerged during 18th & 19th centuries as a response to mercantilist policies
-championed by thinkers like Adam Smith and Friedrich Hayek
-impact on the dev. of capitalism
James Watt
-Scottish inventor who lived from 1736-1819
-improved the steam engine, which greatly increased its efficiency & made more widely usable
-key component to the Industrial revolution
-impact on transportation, manufacturing
Congress of Vienna
-diplomatic conference held in Vienna, Austria from 1814-15
-convened to reorganize Europe following the Napoleonic wars (caused widespread political & social upheaval)
-established a new balance of power among the major European powers and a system of international relations that helped maintain peace for decades
Otto con Bismark
-Prussian statesman who lived from 1815-98
-helped unify Germany in 1871, creating a new, powerful European state
-served as the 1st Chancellor of the German Empire
-pursued Realpolitik, which prioritized the use of practical rather than ideological means to achieve political goals
Alfred Dreyfus
-French military officer who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in 1894
-became a major scandal in France called The Dreyfus affair, which highlighted the anti-semitic prejudices that were prevalent in French society
-affair led to his exoneration in 1906 and contributed to the growth of political & social movements sought to combat anti-semitism
Triple Entente
-military alliance between France, Great Britain, & Russia (F.GB.R.) formed in 1907
-response to the growing threat posed by the triple alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy (G.AH.I)
-played a key role in the events leading up the WW1
-ensured the war became a global conflict than a localized conflict in Europe
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
-heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne & lived from 1863-1914
-assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia
-event is widely regarded as the trigger for the outbreak of WW1
-event led to a series of diplomatic & military actions
Schlieffen Plan
-military strategy developed by the German General Staff in 1905-06
-called for a rapid invasion of France through Belgium, followed by a turn south to encircle the French army & capture Paris
-designed to avoid a 2 front war against France and Russia to achieve a quick victory in the event of war
-implemented at the start of WW1 but failed
Peace, Bread, Land
-slogan used by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution of 1917
-represented 3 key demands: end to war, food for hungry, land for poor
-rallied popular support for their revolutionary agenda
-succeeded in overthrowing the provisional govt & establishing the world’s 1st communist state
