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Antioxidants > Basic Facts about Oxidative Stress, In ammation, and the Immune System. ch2 > Flashcards

Basic Facts about Oxidative Stress, In ammation, and the Immune System. ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

non-toxic compounds that neutralize free radicals and block the release of glutamate

A

Antioxidants

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2
Q

Liver extract used by early Egyptians to cure night blindness.
1912 vitamin __ discovered by Dr. McCollum
Structure determined 1930
Made in the lab 1947

A

VITAMIN A

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3
Q

VITAMIN A –SOURCES AND FORMS

A

Liver is the best source (beef, pork, chicken)
Plant sources –sweet potatoes, broccoli, kale, spinach, pumpkins, apricots, mangoes.
Vitamin A exists as retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate –both forms can be converted to retinol in the body.
Vitamin A also exists as retinoic acid in cells.

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4
Q

Retinyl acetate and palmitate are converted in the intestines

A

to the retinol form of vitamin A

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5
Q

Retinol is stored in the

A

liver

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6
Q

Found in yellow fruits and vegetables

Parsley, cilantro, fresh thyme, pumpkin, carrots, cantaloupe, mangoes, squash

A

CAROTENOIDS

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7
Q

Main carotenoids

A

alpha and beta carotene, leutin, lycopene and zeaxanthin

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8
Q

the most studied carotenoid

A

Beta carotene

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9
Q

Fruits and vegetables

Synthetic forms – sodium, magnesium and calcium ascorbate and capsules of ascorbic acid.

A

VITAMIN C SOURCES

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10
Q

Vitamin C Used by Native Americans to cure

A

scurvy (pine bark and leaves)

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11
Q

Regenerates vitamin E and so prevents oxidation of lipoproteins

A

VITAMIN C

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12
Q

Vitamin C has a chemical structure similar to_______ so it is readily absorbed by cells.

A

glucose

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13
Q

Humans must get ______ from the diet

A

vitamin C

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14
Q

Vitamin C is______-soluble so excess is excreted by the kidneys.

A

water

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15
Q

Protects the sperm from free radical damage

A

Vit C

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16
Q

Necessary for effective functioning of the immune system

A

Vit C

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17
Q

VITAMIN E Exists in 8 forms –

A

alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherol and tocotrienols.

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18
Q

Prevents oxidation of lipids in the body

A

VITAMIN E

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19
Q

Reduces the risk of prostate cancer in men and inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells.

A

VITAMIN E

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20
Q

Protects against damage by UV radiation and ozone

A

VITAMIN E

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21
Q

Sources of vitamin E:

A 
wheat germ
Sunflower oil
Olive oil
Walnuts 
Fortified cereals (US)
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22
Q

Vitamin E is____-soluble and

A

fat-

stored in the fat cells

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23
Q

Made by the body from 3 amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine

A

GLUTATHIONE

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24
Q

Detoxifies drugs and pollutants

A

GLUTATHIONE

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25
Q

Necessary for healthy liver function

A

GLUTATHIONE

26
Q

Important for functioning of the immune system-Recycles oxidized vitamin C

A

GLUTATHIONE

27
Q

Necessary for transport and storage of amino acids.

A

GLUTATHIONE

28
Q

Lipoic acid boosts levels of _____ –best way of getting it.

A

GLUTATHIONE

29
Q

Water-soluble so it protects the water portions of the body,

A

GLUTATHIONE

30
Q

Found in all cells but most abundant in liver.

A

GLUTATHIONE

31
Q

Sources : fruits and vegetables

A

GLUTATHIONE

32
Q

Substances that decrease glutathione levels in the body include:

A

Cigarette smoke
Processed foods containing nitrites and nitrates
Excess alcohol
The painkiller acetaminophen

33
Q

Essential for the production of energy

34
Q

Found mostly in the mitochondria in the liver, heart and brain.

35
Q

Rejuvenates brain cells – may help to prevent Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

36
Q

Used to treat gum disease

37
Q

Fat Soluble-Regenerates vitamin E

38
Q

Made by the body and found mainly in sea foods and organ meats.

39
Q

Most versatile antioxidant

A

LIPOIC ACID

40
Q

Recycles vitamin A,E and C, glutathione and coQ10.

A

LIPOIC ACID

41
Q

can also regenerate itself

A

LIPOIC ACID

42
Q

Neutralizes free radicals generated from oxygen and nitrogen.

A

LIPOIC ACID

43
Q

Regulates gene expression

A

LIPOIC ACID

44
Q

Crosses the blood/brain barrier

A

LIPOIC ACID

45
Q

Fat soluble and water-soluble

Made by the body

A

LIPOIC ACID

46
Q

Dietary sources:
Spinach
Potatoes
Red meat

A

LIPOIC ACID

47
Q

Regulates circadian rhythm

48
Q

Reduces inflammation

49
Q

Stimulates immune function

50
Q

Prevents toxicity of beta amyloid fragments that cause Alzheimer’s

51
Q

Made from tryptophan mostly by the pineal gland

52
Q

Also made in the retina, lens and the GI tract.

53
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

54
Q

Needed for storage of memory

55
Q

Necessary for release of acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter

56
Q

Recycles vitamin E

57
Q

Necessary for energy production in the mitochondria.

58
Q 
Are not made by the body and are obtained primarily from the diet.  They include:
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Carotenoids
Flavonoids
Polyphenols and other plant substances
A

GROUP A ANTIOXIDANTS

59
Q

These are antioxidant enzymes made by the body and include:
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase which requires selenium for its biological activity

A

GROUP B ANTIOXIDANTS

60
Q 
These are made by the body but can also be obtained from the diet.  These include:
Glutathione
Lipoic acid
Coenzyme Q10
l-carnitine
NADH
A

GROUP C ANTIOXIDANTS

Antioxidants (3 decks)

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