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Antioxidants > Basic Facts about Antioxidants > Flashcards

Basic Facts about Antioxidants Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative stress is caused by

A

an overproduction of free radicals in the body without enough antioxidants to quench them

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2
Q

Free radicals are unstable molecules that have unpaired______

A

electrons

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3
Q

Free radicals seek to become stable by

A

attacking cells in the body, destroying cell membranes and structures inside the cell especially DNA.

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4
Q

Free radicals damage:

A 
DNA
RNA
PROTEINS
FATS
CARBOHYDRATES
MEMBRANES
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5
Q

OXIDATIVE STRESS IS LINKED TO MOST CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS:

A 
CANCER 
HEART DISEASE
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
DIABETES
ARTHRITIS
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6
Q

Free radicals can be endogenous MEANING-

A

made by the body.

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7
Q

Endogenous free radicals are derived from

A

oxygen or nitrogen

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8
Q

Free radicals formed from oxygen are called

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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9
Q

the most damaging free radical

A

The hydroxyl radical

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10
Q

The hydroxyl radical reacts with DNA and causes

A

lesions in DNA strands – the start of chronic diseases such as cancer.

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11
Q

Nitric oxide made from

A

L-arginine

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12
Q

Peroxynitrite

A

formed from reaction of nitric oxide and the superoxide radical.

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13
Q

Hydrogen peroxide
Peroxynitrite
Lipid peroxide
Other radical species formed by biological reactions.

A

OTHER OXIDIZING AGENTS FORMED IN THE BODY

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14
Q

Free radicals are produced by the body during energy production in the___.

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

Free radicals are produced by the body during energy production in the mitochondria.
This process uses

A

oxygen and glucose.

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16
Q

The by products of free radical production are:

A
  • Hydroxyl radical
  • Superoxide
  • Hydrogen peroxide
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17
Q

Free radicals are also produced from exposure to:

A

Ionizing radiation
Smoking
Free iron in the body –usually from destruction of red blood cells
Free copper

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18
Q

Free radicals perform critical functions in the body.

A

They control blood flow through arteries and veins
Used by the immune system to fight infection. The superoxide radical and nitric oxide is used to kill viruses and bacteria.
Free radicals kill cancer cells. Cancer drugs increase the production of free radicals.

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19
Q

Free radicals (ROS) are used as signaling molecules that

A

regulate growth, differentiation and apotosis.

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20
Q

Oxidation occurs when an atom or molecule

A

Gains oxygen
Loses hydrogen
Loses electrons
Increased oxidation in the body leads to chronic diseases.

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21
Q

Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule

A 
Loses oxygen
Gains hydrogen
Gains electrons
Antioxidants are reducing agents
There must be a balance between oxidation and reduction for a healthy state
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22
Q

Inflammation is the process by which

A

the body removes bacteria, viruses and damaged cells caused by injury.
Usually the injures site becomes red, swollen, warm and painful.

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23
Q

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A

Plasma and leucocytes leave blood vessels due to increased permeability of the membranes

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24
Q

engulf viruses and bacteria by phagocytosis and kill the by generating ROS. can also degrade dead cell debris by using enzymes.

A

Leucocytes

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25
Q

If injury is extensive the acute response is not turned off and damage to tissues can lead to

A

organ failure or death.

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26
Q

Causes the production of endogenous antigens resulting in autoimmune diseases such as:
Alzheimer’s disease
Arthritis
Diabetes heart disease

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

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27
Q

Increases the expression of the gene that codes proteins that holds normal cells together

A

Carotenoids

28
Q

Retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate; converted to retinol in body.

A

Vit A

29
Q

improves lutein and lycopene bioavailability.

A

Beta Carotene

30
Q

Lutein:

A

eyes

31
Q

Lycopene:

A

prostate

32
Q

Beta Carotene:

A

eyes and fatty tissues

33
Q

recycles oxidized vitamin E

A

Vitamin c

34
Q

reduces inflammation

A

Vit E, glutathione

35
Q

Most effective form is alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TS) which can enter cells more easily; alpha-TS form only acts as AO when converted to AT

A

Vitamin E

36
Q

most important AO in cells.

A

Glutathione

37
Q

synthesized in the body from three AA’s: L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, and glycine

A

Glutathione

38
Q

cofactor = selenium

A

Glutathione

39
Q

n-acetylcysteine and lipoic acid can be taken, instead, to increase cellular levels.

A

Glutathione

40
Q

Increases glutathione levels in cells

A

NAC

41
Q

More commonly known as amucolytic (“mucus-dissolving”) agent

A

NAC

42
Q

recycles vit C & E

A

ALA

43
Q

increases glutathione levels in cells

A

ALA

44
Q

mitochondria use______ in energy production

A

CoQ10

45
Q

weaker of the AOs but recycles vitamin E

A

CoQ10

46
Q

in all cells- in cell organelles esp. in heart and liver as they require more.

A

CoQ10

47
Q

can recycle oxidized vitamin E

A

NADH

48
Q

essential for mitochondria to generate ATP

A

NADH

49
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

50
Q

Polyphenols

A

Flavonoids

51
Q

Polyphenols

A

chemical substances found in plants:

52
Q

Examples: quercetin, epicatechin, and oligomericproanthocyaninids).

A

Flavonoids

53
Q

citrus fruits, berries, ginkgo biloba, onions, parsley, tea, red wine, dark chocolate

A

Flavonoids

54
Q

Poorly absorbed in intestinal tract

A

Flavonoids

55
Q

Reduces inflammation

A

Melatonin

56
Q

hormone produced by pineal gland in brain & retina, lens and GI tract. Synthesized from AA, tryptophan. also produced by plants, IE rice.

A

Melatonin

57
Q

can’t be regenerated by other AOs

A

Melatonin

58
Q

readily absorbed from intestinal tract

A

Melatonin

59
Q 
From diet (red meat) & body
synthesized from AAs: lysine and methionine; vitamin C- dependent.
A

L-Carnitine

60
Q

Crosses blood-brain barrier

A

L-Carnitine

61
Q

Kidneys conserve this AO well; not usually needed as a supplement unless one has kidney problems or deficiency.

A

L-Carnitine

62
Q

destroy FRs and hydrogen peroxide

A 
AO enzymes:
superoxide dismutase (SOD)- requires manganese or copper-zinc

catalase-requires iron

glutathione peroxidase.

63
Q

Precurser to AO-Glutathione

A

NAC

64
Q

Increases glutathione levels in cells

A

NAC

65
Q

More commonly known as amucolytic (“mucus-dissolving”) agent

A

NAC

Antioxidants (3 decks)

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