Basic Exercise Science (Chap 2) Flashcards
the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
kinetic chain
The equation for movement
Nervous System + Skeletal System + Muscular System = Kinetic Chain
the communication network within the body
Nervous System
the three primary functions of the nervous system
Sensory function
integrative function
motor functions
the ability of the nervous system to change in either the internal (stretch placed on muscle) or external environment (walking on sand)
sensory function
the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
Integrative Function
The neuro-muscular response to the sensory information
Motor function
Three main parts of the neuron
cell body
axon
dendrites
the function unit of the nervous system
neuron
a cylindrical projection from the cell body of the neuron that provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body (effector sites)
axon
the part of the neuron responsible for gathering information from other structures back into the neuron
dendrites
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector site to the brain or spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neurons
neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Motor (efferent) neurons
Two divisions of the nervous system
Central and peripheral nervous systems
the brain and the spinal cord
Central nervous system
12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves spread throughout the body
Peripheral nervous system
4 major categories for sensory receptors
mechanoreceptors - mechanical forces
chemoreceptors - chemical interactions
photoreceptors - light
nociceptors - pain
3 different kinds of mechanoreceptors
Muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint receptors
Receptor sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Muscle spindle
Receptor sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi Tendon Organs
When excited, the golgi tendon causes the muscle to __ to prevent the muscle from ____
relax, experiencing excess stress
When excited, the muscle spindle causes the muscle to __ to prevent the muscle from
contract, over stretching
Where are muscle spindles located?
parallel to the muscle fibers
Where are Golgi tendon organs located?
musculotendinous junction (point where the muscle and tendon meet)
Where are joint receptors located?
in and around the joint capsule
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint
Joint Receptors
the body’s framework, composed of bones and joints
Skeletal System
provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
bones
sites where movement occur as a result of muscle contraction
joints
the movable junction where two or more bones meet
joint
Have you memorized the bones in the skeletal system?
Figure 2.8 (pg 21)
Skeletal system is divided into these two divisions
axial and appendicular skeletal system
portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column
Axial skeleton
How many bones in the axial skeleton?
about 80 bones
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extrememites
Appendicular skeleton
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?
about 126 bones
How many bones in the skeletal system?
about 206 bones
How many joints do the bones in the body form?
about 300
Flattened or indented portion of the bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
Depression
List two examples of depressions
fossa, suclus, (and any others that come to mind)
Projections protruding from the bones where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Process
List four examples of processes?
Condyles
Epicondyles
Tubercles
Trochanters
A process located at the top of the femur that serve as attachment sites for the hip musculature
Trochanter (commonly called hipbone)
A process located at the top of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint that serve as attachment sites for the shoulder musculature
tubercle
A process located on the inner and outer portion at the bottom of the femur and top of the tibia to form the knee joing
Condyle
A process located on the inner and outer portion of the humerus to help for the elbow joint
Epicondyle
joint motion (roll, slide, and spin)
arthrokinematics
These type of joints are MOST associated with the body (80% of the joints in the body) and have the greatest capacity for motion
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments
Synovial joints
List the various types of synovial joints
Gliding Condyloid Hinge Saddle Pivot Ball-and-socket
A nonaxial joint that simply moves back and forth or side to side
Gliding (plane) joint
This joint has movement that predominantly occurs in one plane (flexion and extension in the sagittal plane) with minimal movement in the others
Condyloid joints
A uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in only one plane of motion, the sagittal plane (i.e elbow, ankles)
Hinge joints
The most mobile joints that allow movement in all three planes (i.e shoulder and hip)
Ball-and-socket joints
joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; they exhibit little to no movement
Nonsynovial joints
Primary connective tissue that connections bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system
ligament
Ligaments are primarily made up of this protein
Collagen
Ligaments are secondarily consist of varying amounts of this protein
Elastin
Ligaments do not heal or repair very well and are slow to adapt due to this characterization
Poor vascularity (blood supply)
Connective tissues that attach muscles to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
tendon
Tendons also do not repair very well due to this condition
poor vacularity
Two types of myofilaments
actin (thin filaments)
myosin (thick filaments)
the functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Sarcomere
List the different methods muscles can generate force
Neural activation
Sliding Filament Theory
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation (communication between nervous and muscular system)
Neural activation
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (connects with)
Motor unit
small gap between the muscle fiber and the nerve
synapse
chemicals that serve as messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from he nerve to the muscle
Neurotransmitter
the proposed process of how the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere take place after a muscle has been given the order to contract via neural activation
Sliding Filament Theory
These muscle fibers contain a higher number of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin which allows for improved delivery of oxygen (often referred to as red fibers)
Type I (slow twitch)
These muscle fibers generally contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin (often referred to as white fibers)
Type II (fast twitch)
These muscle fibers are large in size and are important for movements requiring force and power
Type II (fast twitch)
The muscle that functions as the prime mover, responsible for a particular motion
Agonist
The muscle that assists the prime mover during the movement
Synergist
The muscle that supports the the body while the prime movers and synergist perform the movement patter
Stabilizer
The muscle that performs the opposite action of the prime mover
Antagonist
