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Fitness > Basic Exercise Science (Chap 2) > Flashcards

Basic Exercise Science (Chap 2) Flashcards

1
Q

the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

A

kinetic chain

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2
Q

The equation for movement

A

Nervous System + Skeletal System + Muscular System = Kinetic Chain

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3
Q

the communication network within the body

A

Nervous System

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4
Q

the three primary functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory function
integrative function
motor functions

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5
Q

the ability of the nervous system to change in either the internal (stretch placed on muscle) or external environment (walking on sand)

A

sensory function

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6
Q

the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

A

Integrative Function

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7
Q

The neuro-muscular response to the sensory information

A

Motor function

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8
Q

Three main parts of the neuron

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

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9
Q

the function unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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10
Q

a cylindrical projection from the cell body of the neuron that provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body (effector sites)

A

axon

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11
Q

the part of the neuron responsible for gathering information from other structures back into the neuron

A

dendrites

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12
Q

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector site to the brain or spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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13
Q

neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons

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14
Q

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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15
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems

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16
Q

the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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17
Q

12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves spread throughout the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

4 major categories for sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors - mechanical forces
chemoreceptors - chemical interactions
photoreceptors - light
nociceptors - pain

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19
Q

3 different kinds of mechanoreceptors

A

Muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs
joint receptors

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20
Q

Receptor sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

A

Muscle spindle

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21
Q

Receptor sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

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22
Q

When excited, the golgi tendon causes the muscle to __ to prevent the muscle from ____

A

relax, experiencing excess stress

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23
Q

When excited, the muscle spindle causes the muscle to __ to prevent the muscle from

A

contract, over stretching

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24
Q

Where are muscle spindles located?

A

parallel to the muscle fibers

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25
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

A

musculotendinous junction (point where the muscle and tendon meet)

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26
Q

Where are joint receptors located?

A

in and around the joint capsule

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27
Q

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint

A

Joint Receptors

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28
Q

the body’s framework, composed of bones and joints

A

Skeletal System

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29
Q

provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

A

bones

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30
Q

sites where movement occur as a result of muscle contraction

A

joints

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31
Q

the movable junction where two or more bones meet

A

joint

32
Q

Have you memorized the bones in the skeletal system?

A

Figure 2.8 (pg 21)

33
Q

Skeletal system is divided into these two divisions

A

axial and appendicular skeletal system

34
Q

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column

A

Axial skeleton

35
Q

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

about 80 bones

36
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extrememites

A

Appendicular skeleton

37
Q

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

A

about 126 bones

38
Q

How many bones in the skeletal system?

A

about 206 bones

39
Q

How many joints do the bones in the body form?

A

about 300

40
Q

Flattened or indented portion of the bone, which can be a muscle attachment site

A

Depression

41
Q

List two examples of depressions

A

fossa, suclus, (and any others that come to mind)

42
Q

Projections protruding from the bones where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

A

Process

43
Q

List four examples of processes?

A

Condyles
Epicondyles
Tubercles
Trochanters

44
Q

A process located at the top of the femur that serve as attachment sites for the hip musculature

A

Trochanter (commonly called hipbone)

45
Q

A process located at the top of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint that serve as attachment sites for the shoulder musculature

A

tubercle

46
Q

A process located on the inner and outer portion at the bottom of the femur and top of the tibia to form the knee joing

A

Condyle

47
Q

A process located on the inner and outer portion of the humerus to help for the elbow joint

A

Epicondyle

48
Q

joint motion (roll, slide, and spin)

A

arthrokinematics

49
Q

These type of joints are MOST associated with the body (80% of the joints in the body) and have the greatest capacity for motion

A

Synovial joints

50
Q

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments

A

Synovial joints

51
Q

List the various types of synovial joints

A 
Gliding
Condyloid
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Ball-and-socket
52
Q

A nonaxial joint that simply moves back and forth or side to side

A

Gliding (plane) joint

53
Q

This joint has movement that predominantly occurs in one plane (flexion and extension in the sagittal plane) with minimal movement in the others

A

Condyloid joints

54
Q

A uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in only one plane of motion, the sagittal plane (i.e elbow, ankles)

A

Hinge joints

55
Q

The most mobile joints that allow movement in all three planes (i.e shoulder and hip)

A

Ball-and-socket joints

56
Q

joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; they exhibit little to no movement

A

Nonsynovial joints

57
Q

Primary connective tissue that connections bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system

A

ligament

58
Q

Ligaments are primarily made up of this protein

A

Collagen

59
Q

Ligaments are secondarily consist of varying amounts of this protein

A

Elastin

60
Q

Ligaments do not heal or repair very well and are slow to adapt due to this characterization

A

Poor vascularity (blood supply)

61
Q

Connective tissues that attach muscles to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

A

tendon

62
Q

Tendons also do not repair very well due to this condition

A

poor vacularity

63
Q

Two types of myofilaments

A

actin (thin filaments)

myosin (thick filaments)

64
Q

the functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

A

Sarcomere

65
Q

List the different methods muscles can generate force

A

Neural activation
Sliding Filament Theory
Excitation-Contraction Coupling

66
Q

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation (communication between nervous and muscular system)

A

Neural activation

67
Q

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (connects with)

A

Motor unit

68
Q

small gap between the muscle fiber and the nerve

A

synapse

69
Q

chemicals that serve as messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from he nerve to the muscle

A

Neurotransmitter

70
Q

the proposed process of how the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere take place after a muscle has been given the order to contract via neural activation

A

Sliding Filament Theory

71
Q

These muscle fibers contain a higher number of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin which allows for improved delivery of oxygen (often referred to as red fibers)

A

Type I (slow twitch)

72
Q

These muscle fibers generally contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin (often referred to as white fibers)

A

Type II (fast twitch)

73
Q

These muscle fibers are large in size and are important for movements requiring force and power

A

Type II (fast twitch)

74
Q

The muscle that functions as the prime mover, responsible for a particular motion

A

Agonist

75
Q

The muscle that assists the prime mover during the movement

A

Synergist

76
Q

The muscle that supports the the body while the prime movers and synergist perform the movement patter

A

Stabilizer

77
Q

The muscle that performs the opposite action of the prime mover

A

Antagonist

Fitness (3 decks)

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