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Phlebotomy > Basic Didactic > Flashcards

Basic Didactic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 National Patient Safety Goals?

A
  1. Identify patients correctly (using 2 ways i.e. name & DOB)
  2. Improve staff communication
  3. Prevent infection
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2
Q

What are the 3 regulating agencies for safety

A
  1. OSHA
  2. CDC
  3. NFPA
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3
Q

What does OSHA stand for?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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4
Q

What are the OSHA standards required of all healthcare facilities?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • hazardous waste disposal
  • engineering controls (safety devices)
  • annual employee safety training
  • blood borne pathogens training
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5
Q

What does the CDC stand for?

A

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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6
Q

What does the CDC do?

A

It is a federal agency responsible for identifying, monitoring, and reporting diseases capable of becoming epidemic

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7
Q

What does CLSI stand for?

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

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8
Q

What does CLSI do?

A

promotes the development and use of guidelines and standards within the healthcare industry

formerly known as NCCLS

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9
Q

Define CLIA88 (or CLIA)

A

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
federal law that regulates clinical laboratory testing

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10
Q

What does NFPA stand for?

A

National Fire Protection Agency

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11
Q

Define MSDS (or SDS)

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a MSDS (or SDS)?

A

mandated by OSHA
has information on how to safely handle each chemical (how to contain and clean a spill)

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13
Q

Define HazCom (“right to know law”)

A

labeling must have warning statements, precautions and first aid measures

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14
Q

Identify the 4 colors of an NFPA rating/label diamond.
Red
Blue Yellow
White

A

Red: Fire hazard
Yellow: Reactivity (instability/risk of explosion)
White: Specific Hazard
Blue: Health hazard

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15
Q

Define medical asepsis

A

sterilization of equipment/surfaces
NOT PEOPLE

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16
Q

What is the scientific name for Bleach?

A

Sodium hypochlorite

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17
Q

What is the ratio for diluting bleach for disinfectant?

A

1:9
10% bleach 90% water

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18
Q

How long can you keep a disinfecting bleach solution?

A

only 24 hours, must make fresh

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19
Q

Should you wear PPE for a biohazard clean up? What is the minimum PPE you can use?

A

Yes
gloves

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20
Q

What is the most important step when cleaning up a spill?

A

Focus on absorbing the spill and keeping it from spreading

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21
Q

What are the 2 guidelines on Standard precautions?

A
  1. treat all patients as potentially infectious
  2. treat all blood/body fluids, and unattached non-intact tissue as potentially infectious
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22
Q

What is the minimum PPE when considering Standard precautions? And an important step when dealing with patient contact?

A

Gloves and handwashing

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23
Q

Define the purpose of an Infection Control Plan

A

to prevent spread of infection within healthcare facilities

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24
Q

When should you use Standard precautions?

A

At ALL times with ALL patients whenever body fluid contact is anticipated

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25
Q

How many times should you wash your hands when dealing with a patient? When should you wash hands?

A

Twice, before & after each patient contact

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26
Q

What is an engineering control?

A

A device or system designed to promote safety

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27
Q

What is a good rule to best use the needle safety device?

A

activate immediately upon removal from venipuncture site/person

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28
Q

Describe the proper use of a sharps container

A

All sharps must be discarded into a sharps container
Must only be filled 3/4s worth, locked and placed in biohazard box
never reused, not placed in bag, never shake container

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29
Q

Describe the qualities of a good sharps container

A

It is puncture resistant, tamper proof, & spill proof

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30
Q

What should you do as soon as a needle leaves a patient?

A
  1. Lock needle
  2. Discard into sharps
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31
Q

What is a syringe transfer device?

A

An engineering control to allow safe transfer of blood from syringe to test tube

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32
Q

How to use a syringe transfer device?

A
  1. syringe needle locked, removed & discarded into sharps
  2. transfer device is attached to the syringe (to allow transfer to tube)
  3. after use, syringe with transfer device is discarded into sharps
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33
Q

What is the purpose of PPE?

A

it protects against possible exposure

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34
Q

List examples of PPE

A

mask, gloves, goggles, face shield, gown

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35
Q

What is special about a N95 Face mask/respirator?

A

designed for seal around nose & mouth
must be personally fit tested (the right size)

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36
Q

Order for don/doffing PPE

A

ON : gown, mask, gloves
OFF : gloves, gown, (wash hands) mask

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37
Q

What are 2 things you should remember about using gloves?

A

minimum required PPE under standard precautions

ask patient about potential anaphylaxis/latex allergy

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38
Q

What is another word for HAI, Hospital Associated Infection?

A

Nosocomial Infection

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39
Q

List 3 examples of a nosocomial/HAI pathogen

A

MRSA, C. diff., UTI

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40
Q

What is the most common HAI

A

UTI

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41
Q

What does HAI stand for?

A

Hospital Associated Infection

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42
Q

List the 6 links in the chain of infection

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. reservoir/source
  3. exit pathway (portal of exit)
  4. means of transmission
  5. entry pathway (portal of entry)
  6. susceptible host
43
Q

What is the purpose to break the chain of infection?

A

to prevent further spread of infection

44
Q

According to the CDC, what is the most important method to prevent the spread of infections?

A

hand washing before & after each patient

45
Q

What is the proper technique for handwashing? (NCCT Exam)

A

wash hands in a downward motion for at least 15 seconds
(current: 20 seconds)

46
Q

What minimum PPE is required for Droplet Precautions?

A

face mask

47
Q

What are example pathogens for Droplet Precautions?

A

Flu, RSV, SARS, meningitis, pertussis

48
Q

What is the minimum PPE for Airborne precautions?

A

N95 mask/respirator

49
Q

What are example pathogens for Airborne Precautions?

A

TB (tuberculosis), measles, chickenpox (varicella), mumps, adenovirus (cold)

50
Q

What is the minimum PPE for Contact Precautions?

A

gown & gloves

51
Q

What are example pathogens for Contact precautions?

A

C. diff., rotavirus, Herpes simplex, scabies, antibiotic resistant infections

52
Q

How many body systems are there?

A

9

53
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

A

transportation

54
Q

What type of system is the vascular system?

A

It is a closed system

55
Q

What direction does blood flow in the arteries?

A

Blood flows AWAY from the heart

56
Q

What type of blood is in the arteries?

A

oxygenated blood

57
Q

What are the smallest arteries called?

A

arterioles

58
Q

List the qualities unique to an artery

A

thick walls, high pressure, and a pulse

59
Q

What direction does blood flow in the veins?

A

blood flows back to the heart

60
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

venules

61
Q

What type of blood is carried in the veins?

A

deoxygenated blood

62
Q

List the qualities of veins

A

thin walls (CAN COLLAPSE), has valves to prevent backflow

63
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels?

A

capillaries

64
Q

How small are capillaries?

A

microscopic (blood cells go single file)

65
Q

What type of blood is found in a capillary?

A

a mixture of arterial & venous blood

66
Q

What is special about the form of a capillary?

A

Has a thin wall that allows gas exchange

67
Q

What does ACF stand for?

A

antecubital fossa

68
Q

Where does routine blood draw (venipuncture) occur?

A

ACF, antecubital fossa

69
Q

Why is the ACF the best choice for venipuncture?

A

veins are located close to skin surface, veins are “anchored” by connective tissue

70
Q

What are the 3 major veins in the ACF?

A

Median cubital vein, Cephalic vein, Basilic vein

71
Q

What are the special qualities of the median cubital vein?

A

first vein of choice, safest vein to puncture

72
Q

What is a key quality for a cephalic vein?

A

second choice, prone to rolling

73
Q

What is the position of the cephalic vein when looking from above?

A

outer to thumb side

74
Q

What is a key quality of the basilic vein?

A

third choice, least safe to puncture
(above brachial artery, & next to median nerve)

75
Q

What is the location of the basilic vein when viewing from above? (palm up)

A

inner pinky side

76
Q

Where are capillary punctures performed on adults & older children?

A

finger sticks

77
Q

Where are capillary punctures performed on infants 6 months of age? (or less)

A

heel stick

78
Q

What makes up blood composition?

A

Plasma & formed elements

79
Q

What is plasma?

A

liquid portion of blood, contains fibrinogen

80
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

81
Q

What are formed elements?

A

solid portion of blood: RBCs, WBCs, platelets

82
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

83
Q

What is the scientific name for RBCs?

A

erythrocytes

84
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

A

120 days

85
Q

What helps RBCs transport Oxygen in the body tissues?

A

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

86
Q

What is the scientific name of WBCs?

A

leukocytes

87
Q

What is the purpose of leukocytes?

A

protects the body against infectious disease & foreign invaders

88
Q

How many types of WBCs are there?

A

5

89
Q

List the 5 types of WBCs

A
  1. Lymphocyte
  2. monocyte
  3. neutrophil
  4. basophil
  5. eosinophil
90
Q

What is the scientific name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

91
Q

What is the lifespan of thrombocytes?

A

10 days

92
Q

What is the importance of platelets?

A

essential to coagulation
stops bleeding of injured blood vessels

93
Q

Describe clotting

A

where blood turns from fluid into solid

94
Q

What are the medical terms of clotting?

A

hemostasis, coagulation, thrombosis

95
Q

What are the 2 definitions of hemostasis

A
  1. natural state of blood vessels
  2. process of body which stops leakage of blood
96
Q

What are the 4 stages of hemostasis (in order)?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. fibrin clot formation
  4. fibrinolysis
97
Q

Describe vasoconstriction (what step is this in thrombosis)

A

First step
when blood vessel damages, vessel constricts to lessen amount of blood leakage

98
Q

Describe platelet plug formation (what step is this in coagulation)

A

Second step
platelets form literal plug around site of leakage

99
Q

If the damage to a blood vessel is small/minor, platelet plug formation…

A

is enough to stop bleeding

100
Q

Describe fibrin clot formation (what step in hemostasis) IMPORTANT STEP

A

Third step
fibrinogen turns into fibrin
causes all blood cells to be trapped in a solid blood clot —> stops bleeding

101
Q

Describe fibrinolysis (what step in hemostasis)

A

Fourth step
clot is no longer needed —> broken down
dissolves blood clot
plasminogen turns to plasmin that breaks down fibrin into small fragments

102
Q

What is the most important step in thrombosis?

A

fibrin clot formation, third step

103
Q

What is a key quality of clotted blood?

A

no longer contains any fibrinogen

104
Q

What are the 2 parts of clotted blood

A

serum & blood clot

Phlebotomy (3 decks)

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