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Physical Examination > Basic Diagnostic Procedures > Flashcards

Basic Diagnostic Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Circumscribed,
flat discoloration
< 1 cm in size.

A

Macule

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2
Q

Circumscribed, flat
discoloration
> 1 cm in size.

A

Patch

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3
Q

Circumscribed,
elevated,
superficial lesion
< 1 cm in size.

A

Papule

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4
Q

Circumscribed,
elevated,
superficial lesion
> 1 cm in size.

A

Plaque

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5
Q

Solid lesion < 1 cm in size; may be above,

level with, or below the skin or mucosal surface.

A

Nodule

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6
Q

Solid lesion > 1cm in size; may be above, level with, or below the skin or mucosal surface.

A

Tumor

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7
Q

An encapsulated,
fluid filled mass in submucosal /
subcutaneous tissues, dermis, or bone.

A

Cyst

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8
Q

Circumscribed, elevated lesion < 1 cm in size;

contains a serous fluid.

A

Vesicle

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9
Q

Circumscribed,
elevated lesion
> 1cm in size;
contains a serous fluid.

A

Bulla

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10
Q

An edematous,
transitory papule
or plaque.

A

Wheal

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11
Q

A denudation of the
epithelium above the
basal cell layer of skin or mucosal tissue.

A

Erosion

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12
Q

An excavation in skin or mucous membrane;

extends beyond the basal cell layer.

A

Ulcer

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13
Q

A linear break in skin or mucous tissue with sharply defined, abrupt
walls.

A

Fissure

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14
Q

Formation of connective

tissue that replaces normal tissue lost through injury or disease.

A

Scar

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15
Q

Communication between an anatomical space (skin surface, oral cavity) and a pathological space (abscess, suppurative cavity, cyst)

A

Sinus

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16
Q

Shedding, dead epithelial cells that may be either dry or scaly

A

Scale

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17
Q

Variably colored masses of dry skin or mucous membrane exudate

A

Crust

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18
Q
  • Circumscribed deposits of blood or blood pigments in the skin or mucosa
  • Do not blanch
  • < 2mm
A

Petechia

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19
Q
  • Circumscribed deposits of blood or blood pigments in the skin or mucosa
  • Do not blanch
  • > 2mm to < 1cm
A

Purpura

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20
Q
  • Circumscribed deposits of blood or blood pigments in the skin or mucosa
  • Do not blanch
  • > 1 cm
A

Ecchymosis

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21
Q

Accumulated mass of clotted extravasated blood

A

Hematoma

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22
Q

Dilated superficial blood vessels

A

Telangiectasia

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23
Q

Red irregular vascular lesion of variable size and shape.

A

Hemangioma

24
Q
  • Curved overgrowth (like a watch glass) of the nail bed with bulbous, enlarged finger tips.
  • Usually associated with congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, COPD, and carcinoma of the lungs.
A

Clubbing of the nails

25
Q
  • Keratin deposition beneath the nail bed which produces opacification and irregular separation of the distal portion of the nail.
  • Often a manifestation of psoriasis
A

Onycholysis

26
Q
  • Opaque, thickened, friable, and brittle nail.

- Often the manifestation of infection by a number of organisms, including Candida albicans.

A

Onychomycosis

27
Q
  • Cartilaginous or bony enlargement of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
  • Often seen with rheumatoid arthritis
A

Bouchard’s nodes

28
Q
  • Cartilaginous or bony enlargement of the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
  • Often seen with degenerative joint disease
A

Heberden’s nodes

29
Q
  • Note the anatomical architecture of the body: Alterations in size, shape, and symmetry
  • Assess function: Gait, posture, and respiratory abnormalities
A

Inspection

30
Q

Note the character of skin (exposed areas) and oral soft tissues.

A

Inspection

31
Q

The process of examination by the sense of touch.
Provides the examiner with additional data about the lesions observed and data about those lesions usually felt but not seen.

A

Palpation

32
Q
  • Texture - smooth, matted
  • Consistency - firm, fluctuant
  • Temperature
  • Tenderness - nontender, tender (superficial, deep, rebound, referred)
  • Tone (muscle) - resistant, spasmodic, rigid
  • Pulsation
A

Palpation

33
Q
  • Mobility (attachment) - fixed, movable
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Symmetry
  • Unilateral
  • Bilateral
  • Discreetness
  • Relation to anatomical landmarks
A

Palpation

34
Q

The technique of tapping an area of the body to elicit a response.
Elicit a reaction from patient in response to tapping a tooth suspected of pathosis.
Evaluate tenderness of the maxillary and frontal sinuses.

A

Percussion

35
Q 
The technique of detecting sounds arising from various organs by listening. 
Note quality of voice: 
Slurring
Aphasia
Peculiarities of speech
A

Auscultation

36
Q 
-Breath sounds:
Inspiration, expiration
Wheezing 
Rales, rhonchi
-Heart sounds:
Systolic, diastolic
A

Auscultation

37
Q 
The technique of detecting odors arising from the patient that may suggest the presence of disease.
Ex. Fetid, foul putrefactive breath:
Oral disease 
Gastrointestinal disease 
Respiratory tract infection
A

Olfaction

38
Q 
-Acetone (sweet, fruity) breath:
Diabetic acidosis, hyperglycemia
-Odor of ammonia:
Renal failure (uremia)
-A mousy, musty odor (fetor hepaticus):
Liver failure
A

Olfaction

39
Q

Pulse rates

A

Adults: 60 to 90 per minute
Children: 90 to 120 per minute
Aged: 70 to 80 per minute

40
Q

The beat of the normal heart originating in the sinoatrial node.

A

Sinus rhythm

41
Q

Rate < 60 per minute and regular rhythm.

May accelerate with exercise.

A

Sinus bradycardia

42
Q

Rate < 60 per minute with sweating, weakness, dyspnea, and chest pain.
May indicate an AV block
or
Impending sudden death.

A

Inappropriate bradycardia

43
Q 
Rate > 100 and regular rhythm.
Anxiety, hyperthyroidism 
Fever 
Anemia, severe hemorrhage 
Acute or chronic heart disease.
A

Sinus tachycardia

44
Q

Pronounced pause in an otherwise normal rhythm.
May be an occasional, insignificant finding in adults.
Significant in patients with cardiovascular disease.

A

Premature ventricular contractions

45
Q

Stress, dyslipidemia, hyperaldosteronism, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, hyperthyroidism

A

Hypertension

46
Q

Anemia, heart failure, hypoaldosteronism, syncope, shock, hypothyroidism

A

Hypotension

47
Q

Respiration rates

A

Adults: 16 to 20 per minute
Children: 24 to 28 per minute

48
Q

Increased rate and decreased depth of respiration.

A

Tachypnea

49
Q

Increased rate and depth of respiration.

Typical of hyperventilation syndrome.

A

Hyperpnea

50
Q

Hyperpnea, 30 to 40 breaths per minutes.

Typical of profound diabetic acidosis and hyperglycemic coma.

A

Kussmaul-Kien respiration

51
Q

Hyperpnea alternating with periods of apnea.

Typical of profound toxicity associated with heart disease, chronic nephritis, and advanced brain tumor.

A

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

52
Q

Frequent sighs are indicators of anxiety and precursors of hyperventilation.

A

Prolonged inspiration

53
Q

Associated with moderate-to-advanced pulmonary emphysema

A

Prolonged expiration

54
Q 
Exercise
Infection
Ovulation
Hyperthyroidism
Factitious fever
Malignant hyperthermia
A

Hyperthermia

55
Q

Anemia
Alcoholism
Chronic disease
Hypothyroidism

A

Hypothermia

56
Q

Overeating
Hypothyroidism
Edema: CHF, Liver failure, Kidney failure
Cushing’s syndrome

A

Weight gain

57
Q 
Diet
GI dysfunction
HIV and AIDS
Tuberculosis
Secondary syphilis
Malignancy
Affective disorders
A

Weight loss

Physical Examination (2 decks)

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