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Integration for Clinical Application > Basic Dermatology > Flashcards

Basic Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What factors should you establish when taking a history or the presenting complaint?

A
  • Initial appearance and evolution
  • Symptoms (particularly itch and pain)
  • Aggravating and relieving factors (triggers)
  • Previous and current treatments (and whether effective of not)
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2
Q

What past medical history should you establish if taking a dermatological history?

A
  • Any systemic disease?
  • History of atopy?
  • History of skin cancer or pre-cancer?
  • History of sunburn/ sunbathing/ sun-bed use?
  • Skin type
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3
Q

Describe the Fitzpatrick Skin Types

A
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4
Q

What family history should you establish when taking a dermatological history?

A
  • FH of skin disease
  • FH of atopy
  • FH of autoimmune disease
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5
Q

What social history should you establish when taking a dermatological history?

A
  • Occupation
    • sun exposure?
    • contactants?
  • Is there an improvement when away from work?
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6
Q

What 4 things should you do when examining skin?

A
  1. Inspect
  2. Palpate
  3. Describe
  4. Systemic check: whole skin, hair, nails, mucous membranes
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7
Q

How should you describe skin conditions?

A

SCAM

Site: distribution (rash) or size and shape

Colour (and configuration)

Associated changes e.g. surface features

Morphology

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8
Q

What is the ABCD for pigmented skin lesions?

A

Asymmetry

Border (irregular or blurred)

Colour

Diameter

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9
Q

What are the different sites and distribution descriptions for dermatology issues?

A
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10
Q

What are the 4 different ways to decribe configuration of skin issues?

A
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11
Q

What are the 4 different ways to describe the colour of dermatological issues?

A
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12
Q

What are the 4 different surface features of dermatology issues?

A
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13
Q

What is a macule?

A

Totally flat, different colour to skin

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14
Q

What is a papule?

A

Small and raised - like a spot

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15
Q

What is ‘patchy’ morphology?

A

e.g. vitiligo / hypopigmentation

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16
Q

What is a plaque in dermatology?

A

Lots of papules can cause a plaque - raised with lots of inflammation

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17
Q

What is a nodule?

A
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18
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A fluid filled skin lesion

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19
Q

What is a pustule?

A

A skin lesion filled with pus

20
Q

What are bulla?

A

Large, fluid filled vesicles

21
Q

What is an annular skin lesion?

A

A ring shaped lesion

22
Q

What are skin wheals?

A

Urticaria

Usually transient and linked to allergy

23
Q

What are discoid/ nummular skin lesions?

A

Round lesions- red all the way through

(vs annular which are ring shaped and redder around the edges)

24
Q

What are comedones?

A

Either open (blackheads) or closed (white heads)

25
Q

What hair findings may you see in dermatology?

A
26
Q

What nail findings may you see in dermatology?

A
27
Q

How do you manage atopic eczema?

A
  • Avoid irritants e.g. soap, fragrance, wool, animal fur
  • Use emollients (moisturiser) to restore skin barrier
  • Use topical corticosteroids daily until inflammation clear
    • mild/ moderate for face
    • moderate or potent for body limbs
28
Q

What are some major and minor features of suspected melanoma?

A

Major:

  • Change in size
  • Irregular shape
  • Irregular colour

Minor:

  • Diameter >7mm
  • Inflammation
  • Oozing
  • Change in sensation
29
Q

What is molluscum contagiousum?

A
  • A pox virus infection
  • 2-6 week incubation period
  • Usually resolves in 6-9 months without treatment
30
Q

What is tinea fungal infection?

A

A fungal infection caused by dermatophyte funghi

Causes a mildly pruritic rash on skin and scalp- associated with hair loss

31
Q

What kind of rash is this? Associated with a burning sensation?

A

Shingles (Herpes Zoster infection)

  • Reactivation of virus that has remained dormant in the sensory root ganglion from previous chicken pox infection
  • Elderly and immunocompromised are at higher risk
  • Associated with burning pain
  • Duration 2-3 weeks
  • Treat with anti-virals
32
Q

What are some of the functions of skin?

A
  • Protective barrier against environmental insult
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Immunosurveillance
  • Cosmesis
33
Q

What is erythroderma?

A

Intense and usually widespread reddening of the skin due to inflammatory skin disease

  • >90% of skin affected
  • Causes: psoriasis, eczema, drugs, cutaneous T cell lymphoma
34
Q

What are some of the complications of erythroderma?

A
  • Total skin failure
  • Hypothermia
  • Infection (loss of protective barrier)
  • Renal failure
  • High output cardiac failure (due to dilated skin vessels)
  • Protein malnutrition (high turnover of skin)
35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of erythroderma?

A

Signs:

  • Erythematous
  • Thickened
  • Inflamed
  • Scaly
  • No sparing

Symptoms:

  • Pruritus
  • Fatigue
  • Anorexia
  • Feeling cold
36
Q

What are the 4 major cell types found in the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes - protective barrier
  2. Langerhan cells - antigen presenting cells
  3. Melanocytes - produce melanin
  4. Merkel cells - contain specialised nerve endings for sensation
37
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
38
Q

What is the average epidermal turnover time?

A

30 days

39
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

Found in areas of thicker skin e.g. palms and soles of feet

40
Q

What are the components of the dermis?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Glycosaminglycans
  • Provides stregnth and elasticity
41
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Glands that produce sebum through hair follicles to lubricate skin

  • Active after puberty
  • Stimulated by conversion of androgen to dihydrotestosterone
42
Q

What is the function of eccrine and apocrine glands?

A

Regulate body temperature

  • Innervated by sympathetic system
  • Eccrine are widespread
  • Apocrine are active following puberty- found in axillae, areolae, genitalia and anus
43
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A
  1. Lanugo (fetal hair)
  2. Vellum (short hair all over body)
  3. Terminal hair (coarse hair)
44
Q

What are the 3 main phases of the hair follicle cycle?

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
45
Q

Label the features of the nail

A

Integration for Clinical Application (8 decks)

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