Basic control of helminths

Question 1

Name different parasites found in the abomasum and which species they are found in

Answer 1

• H. contortus (sheep)

- Ostertagia (cattle, sheep, goats)

Question 2

Name some parasites found in the small intestine and which species they infeect

Answer 2

• Trichostrongylus axei (sheep, goats, cattle)
• Eimeria
• Cryptosporidium (cattle)

Question 3

Name parasites found in the large intestine and which species they are found in

Answer 3

• Strongyloides (sheep)
• Oesophagostomum (cattle)
• Trichuris ovis

Question 4

How are liver fluke transmitted?

Answer 4

• Must be near water

- Involves snails

Question 5

How are lungworms transmitted?

Answer 5

-Shed in faeces, eaten on herbage contaminated with fungi

Question 6

How are GI worms transmitted?

Answer 6

Eggs passed in faeces, infective larvae eaten swallowed

Question 7

What does it mean when you find worm eggs or larvae in faeces?

Answer 7

• That the life cycle is completed
• Damage has already occurred
• Parasite has reach patency stage
• Environmental contamination occurred
• Other animals may be infected
• Treatment is needed
• Pasture management should be considered

Question 8

What clinical signs are seen with liver flukes, lungworms and GI worms?

Answer 8

• Liver fluke: Weight loss, reduced appetite, diarrhoea
• Lungworms: head down, extended neck, mouth breathing, proteinaceous fluid present
• GI worms: very similar to liver fluke but also get anaemia

Question 9

How do you diagnose liver fluke?

Answer 9

-Presence of y-glytamyl transpeptidase/ transferase

Question 10

How would you diagnose lungworms?

Answer 10

• Blood sample
• Tracheal washes
• Eosinophilia

Question 11

How would you diagnose GI worms?

Answer 11

-Increase plasma pepsinogen or gastrin

(distrubs the gastric mucosa cuasing hyperplasia, this hypertrophy cuases loss function resulting in HCL reducing cells being damages, plasma pepsinogen is increased because pepsinogen only transorms to pepsin in an acidic environment)

Question 12

With which parasite would you associate cobble stoned appearance?

Answer 12

Ostertagia ostertagi (abomasum)

Question 13

What changes in environment would concern you about a rise in liver fluke?

Answer 13

• Heavy rains
• Floods
• Incr pop of snails

Question 14

What change in environment would concern you about a rise in GI worms?

Answer 14

• Spring (seasonal spring rise)

- Spike of acute death of lambs

Question 15

What changes in environment would concern you about a rise in lung worms?

Answer 15

• Unpredicatable, we don’t know how they respond to changes in climate

Question 16

What disadvantages can you think of when farmers are very attentive to parasitic disease?

Answer 16

-Over use of anthelimintics and drug resistance development

Question 17

Where would you expect to find adult Giardia?

Answer 17

In the small intestine (dog)

Question 18

Where in the dog does Leishmania spp inhabit?

Answer 18

Circulatory system

Question 19

Where in the dog does Taenia spp inhabit?

Answer 19

Small intestine

Question 20

How was climate change affected patterns of sheep parasites?

Answer 20

• Haemonchus: used to be confines to SE england, now widepsread
• Nematodirus: mainly a spring problem but now also occurs in autumn
• Trichostronglyus: used to be traditionally an issue in autumn store lambs, now problem in summer and mild winters