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Statistical Analysis > Basic Concepts of Statistics > Flashcards

Basic Concepts of Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

A science that involves the efficient use of numerical data relating to groups of individuals.

A

Statistics

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2
Q

A science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data.

A

Statistics

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3
Q

To provide an overview of the information gathered.

A

Descriptive Statistics

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4
Q

Describes information through numerical measurements, charts, graphs, and tables.

A

Descriptive Statistics

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5
Q

Takes results obtained from a sample, extend them to the population, and measures the reliability of the results.

A

Inferential Statistics

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6
Q

Large amount of data.

A

Population

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7
Q

The set of all possible values of variables where making a census or a complete enumeration of it would be impractical or impossible.

A

Population

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8
Q

Subset of population

A

Sample

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9
Q

Calculated from the samples to make conclusions about the population.

A

Statistics

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10
Q

Opposite of quantitative variables as it describes certain types of information.

A

Qualitative Variables

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11
Q

Examples are: Name, Gender, Address, Religion, Name of School, Subject, and Program.

A

Qualitative Variables

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12
Q

Measures or identifies population or sample based on a numerical scale.

A

Quantitative Variables

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13
Q

Can be analyzed using statistical methods.

A

Quantitative Variables

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14
Q

Variable that can be assume finite, or, at most, countably infinite number of values, usually measured by counting or enumeration.

A

Discrete Variable

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15
Q

Example: Number of children in a family, Number of students in a class, Maximum number of adults that can fit in a car, etc.

A

Discrete Variable

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16
Q

Variable that can assume infinitely many values corresponding to a line interval.

A

Continuous Variable

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17
Q

Example: Time, Temperature, Weight, Height, Speed, etc.

A

Continuous Variable

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18
Q

Scales of Measurement

A

Levels of Measurement

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19
Q

Ways in which variables/quantities are defined or categorized.

A

Levels of Measurement

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20
Q

Numbers serve only as labels or tags for identifying and classifying objects.

A

Nominal

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21
Q

A ranking scale in which numbers (ranks) are assigned to objects to indicate the relative extent to which the objects possess some characteristics.

A

Ordinal

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22
Q

Represents an equal distance between the values in the characteristic being measured.

A

Interval

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23
Q

Possesses all the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scale and, in addition, an absolute zero point.

A

Ratio

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24
Q

Process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in an established systematic fashion.

A

Data Collection

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25
Q

Information collected by the person who is doing the research.

A

Primary Data

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26
Q

Any material that has been collected from published records.

A

Secondary Data

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27
Q

When a researcher has a direct contact with the interviewee.

A

Direct Personal Interviews

28
Q

Suitable when there is a need to collect in-depth information on people’s opinions, thoughts, experiences, and feelings.

A

Direct Personal Interviews

29
Q

Advantages of Direct Personal Interviews

A

In-depth information can be collected.
Non-response and Response biased can be detected.
Samples can be controlled.

30
Q

Disadvantages of Direct Personal Interviews

A

More time consuming
Expensive
Interviewer may be biased

31
Q

Situation where a respondent gives an inaccurate or false answer.

A

Response Bias

32
Q

Occurs when people are unwilling or unable to respond to a survey due to factors that makes them differ greatly from people who respond.

A

Non-response Bias

33
Q

Useful when there is a large number of respondents.

A

Indirect/Questionnaire Method

34
Q

Involves sourcing and accessing existing data that were originally collected for the purpose of the study.

A

Indirect/Questionnaire Method

35
Q

Key Design Principles of a Good Questionnaire

A

As short as possible
Decide the type of questionnaire
Write the questions properly
Order the questions properly
Write an introduction
Write special instructions
Translate questions if necessary
Pretest the questionnaire

36
Q

Respondents are allowed to answer in an open text format.

A

Open-ended Questionnaire

37
Q

Advantages of Open-ended Questionnaire

A

More detailed answers
Could reveal additional insights

38
Q

Disadvantages of Open-ended Questionnaire

A

Difficult to encode, tabulate, and analyze
Low response rate
Respondent has to be articulate
Respondent could feel threatened

39
Q

Respondents are asked to choose from a distinct set of pre-defined responses such as “yes” or “no” among a set of multiple-choice questions.

A

Closed-ended Questionnaire

40
Q

Advantages of Open-ended Questionnaire

A

Easy to encode and tabulate
Easy to understand
Enables inter-study comparisons
Saves time and money
High response rate

41
Q

Disadvantages of Open-ended Questionnaire

A

Could frustrate respondents
Potentially biased response sets
Difficult or impossible to detect if the respondent truly understood the question

42
Q

A group interview of approximately six to twelve people who share similar characteristics or common interests.

A

Focus Group

43
Q

He guides the group based on a predetermined set of topics.

A

Facilitator

44
Q

Advantages of Focus Group

A

Less costly compared to interviews
Takes lesser time

45
Q

Disadvantage of Focus Group

A

Response bias is a problem (participant may be subjective to what people will think about sharing a sincere opinion)

46
Q

A method of collecting data where there is a direct human intervention on the conditions that may affect the values of the variable of interest.

A

Experiment

47
Q

Usually controlled by the researcher, who determines which subject is used, how they are grouped, and the treatment they receive.

A

Experiment

48
Q

Advantages of Experiment

A

Usually objective since the data is the results of the process
Non-response bias can be eliminated

49
Q

Disadvantages of Experiment

A

Incorrect data may be recorded due to human error
Expensive

50
Q

Method of collecting data on the phenomenon of interest by recording the observations made about the phenomenon as it actually happens.

A

Observation

51
Q

Usually systematically planned and subjected to checks and controls.

A

Observation

52
Q

Advantages of Observation

A

Data is objective
Data is not affected by past or future events

53
Q

Disadvantages of Observation

A

Limited information
Expensive

54
Q

Data that has already been collected and is available from other sources.

A

Secondary Data

55
Q

Less costly and is easier to obtain than primary data.

A

Secondary Data

56
Q

Advantages of Secondary Data

A

Generates new insights from previous analyses of primary data
Provides a basis for comparison for he data collected
Economical
Time-saving

57
Q

Disadvantages of Secondary Data

A

Accuracy is questionable
Not all secondary data is readily available or inexpensive
Data may not be appropriate to the needs of the user

58
Q

Sources of Secondary Data

A

Published report on newspaper and periodicals
Financial data reported in annual reports
Records maintained by the institution
Internal reports of the government

59
Q

It is usually very reliable. Data from these sources are usually more political, economic, and educational.

A

Published report on newspaper and periodicals

60
Q

An in-depth or comprehensive overview of a business’ achievement and key metrics for a specific year.

A

Annual Reports

61
Q

Mostly used for the company’s employees, customer, suppliers, investors, and community at large.

A

Financial Reports

62
Q

It can be used to evaluate the company’s financial health and earnings potential.

A

Financial data reported in annual reports

63
Q

Created to document anything that is part of an institution.

A

Institutional Records

64
Q

Information is managed to support the institution’s present and future regulatory, legal, environmental, and operational requirements.

A

Records maintained by the institution

65
Q

These are very important and authentic source of secondary data.

A

Government Reports

66
Q

These are collected to aid proper planning, allocation of funds, and prioritizing of projects.

A

Internal reports of the government

67
Q

Consequences from Improperly Collected Data

A

Inability to answer research questions accurately
Inability to repeat and validate the study
Distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
Misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
Compromising decisions for public policy
Causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

Statistical Analysis (10 decks)

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