BASIC CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Flashcards
General formula of
alkanes
alkenes
alcohols
respectively
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n+1OH
Empirical formula definition
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
Structural formula definition
the structural arrangement of atoms without showing the bond e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH = butan - 1 - ol
What is a homologous series of compounds and how do successive members change
A group of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula
increase by “CH2”
List of all 10 homologous series and their prefix/suffix
Alkanes - ane
Alkanes (banched) alkyl -
alkenes - ene
alcohols - ol
aldehydes - al
ketones - one
carboxylic acids - oic acid
halogenoalkanes halogeno -
cycloalkanes cyclo -______ -ane
esters alkyl - ______ - anoate
What is an aromatic compound
ones that have a benzene ring
what is an aliphatic compound
straight or branched (NON AROMATIC) chains
what is an alicyclic compound
a ringed compound that is not aromatic
steps of nomenclature (x6)
- count the longest continuous chain of carbons
- the functional group usually tells you the ending of the name
- number the chain so the functional group is on the lowest number carbon
- place the carbon number of the functional group before the suffix
- side chains or less important functional groups written as prefixes in alphabetical order
- if more than one identical functional group use di, tri or tetra
What are the 2 types of bond fission
Homolytic
Heterolytic
What is bond fission
the breaking of a covalent bond
What is heterolytic fission
the covalent bond breaks and the electrons are distributed unequally to form 2 different ions (one side of the bond gets more electrons)
e.g. HCl –> H+ + Cl-
What is homolytic fission
the covalent bond breaks and the electrons are shared equally to form 2 uncharged radicals
e.g. HCl –> H. + Cl.
Structural isomers definition
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
3 types of structural isomers
Chain
Positional
Functional group
