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Basic Concepts in Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

It is the scientific study of poisons focusing on their detection, symptoms, management, and treatment.

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

The branch of pharmacology deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to complex ecosystems.

A

Toxicology

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3
Q

Any substance that could potentially injure one’s health or may cause death.

A

Poison

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4
Q

Father of Medicine

A

Hippocrates

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5
Q

Father of Toxicology

A

Paracelsus

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6
Q

Paracelsus full name

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

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7
Q

Father of Modern Toxicology

A

Mathieu Orfila

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8
Q

First Law against Poison

A

Lex Cornelia de Sicariis et Veneficis

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9
Q

Treatise on Poisons and Antidotes

A

Moses Maimonides

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10
Q

A book about snakebites, dogbites, and poisons related to food and minerals.

A

Treatise on Poisons and Antidotes

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11
Q

Wrote the first English book about poisons

A

Richard Mead

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12
Q

First English book about poisons

A

A mechanical account of poisons in several essays

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13
Q

Allegedly, she tested the toxic agents on the poor and the sick

A

Catherine de Medici

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14
Q

Responsible for linking scrotal cancer and the profession of chimney sweeps

A

Percival Pott

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15
Q

Father of Occupational Medicine

A

Bernardo Ramazinni

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16
Q

What are the main branches of Toxicology?

A

DMR

Decriptive
Mechanistic
Regulatory

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17
Q

Provides necessary information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

A

Descriptive Toxicology

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18
Q

Mechanism of Toxicity (MOT) of poisons

A

Mechanistic Toxicology

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19
Q

Concerned with the responsibility of deciding on the basis of data provided by the descriptive toxicologist if a drug or other chemicals possess a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for a stated purpose

A

Regulatory Toxicology

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20
Q

Specialized areas of toxicology

A

Clinical
Forensic
Environmental
Experimental
Occupational

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21
Q

Focuses on identifying and protecting genetically susceptible individuals from exposure to harmful substances

A

TOXICOGENOMICS

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22
Q

Focuses on the population-wide impact of toxic substances

A

ECOTOXICOLOGY

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23
Q

These are poisons that exert their effects either by oxygen displacement or by interfering with its utilization.

A

Asphyxiants

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24
Q

Toxic substances (often gases) that can cause dyspnea.

A

Asphyxiants

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25
Examples of asphyxiants
• Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide • Methane • Nitrogen dioxide
26
Type of asphyxiants that causes oxygen displacement
Simple asphyxiants
27
Type of asphyxiants that interfere with oxygen use, causing cellular hypoxia
General asphyxiants
28
Poison effect: Dyspnea
Asphyxiants
29
Poison effect: Muscular weakness
Asthenic
30
Poison effect: Cancer cell growth
Carcinogens
31
Poison effect: Tissue necrosis
Irritants
32
Poison effect: Tear stimulation
Lacrimators
33
Poison effect: CNS Depressant
Narcotics
34
Poison effect: Neurotoxicity
Neurotics
35
Poison effect: Excessive sneezing
Sternutators
36
Example of asphyxiants
Air pollutants
37
Examples of asthenics
NMBs, Mercury
38
Examples of carcinogens
Nitrosamines, benzene, antineoplastics
39
Examples of irritants
Acids, bases, aromatic HC
40
Examples of lacrimators
Organophosphates
41
Examples of narcotics
Opioids, Sedative-Hypnotics
42
Examples of neurotics
Methyl mercury, hallucinogens
43
Examples of sternutators
Veratrin, diphenylchlorasine
44
Exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic response
Hypersensitivity
45
Occurs in response to an allergen or antigen
Hypersensitivity
46
Abnormal reactivity to a chemical that is deemed peculiar to an individual
Idiosyncrasy
47
Drugs that induce Lupus
Dapsone, Hydralazine, Sulfa drugs
48
Diminished response to the same amount of drug
Tolerance
49
Ability to cause defects in developing fetus
Teratogenicity
50
Teratogenic effect of Thalidomide
Phocomelia
51
Teratogenic effect of Warfarin
Fetal warfarin syndrome -> hypoplastic nose
52
Teratogenic effect of Methimazole
Aplasia cutis
53
Teratogenic effect of VPA, CBZ
Spina bifida
54
Teratogenic effect of Diethylstilbestrol
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of cervix/vagina in fetus
55
Teratogenic effect of Ethanol
Fetal alcohol syndrome -> small eye opening, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, microcephaly, low IQ
56
This drug may cause enamel hypoplasia and bone fragility in the developing fetus.
Tetracyclines
57
This drug may cause a fetal syndrome characterized by microcephaly, cleft palette, as well as an upturned nose.
Phenytoin
58
This teratogen can cause malformation in the tricuspid valve (Epstein anomaly).
Lithium
59
Seen after single administration
Immediate effects
60
Seen after a period or a lapse of time
Delayed effects
61
Effects can be reversed via discontinuation or administration of antidote
Reversible effect
62
Effects are permanent and commonly associated with carcinogens and teratogens
Irreversible effects
63
Seen at the site of contact only
Local effects
64
Seen other than the site of administration
Systemic effects
65
Most common ROE for acute poisoning
Ingestion
66
Major ROE in occupational setting
Inhalational
67
Occupational, accidental
Dermal
68
Most severe and most rapid ROE
Parenteral
69
Arrange the ROE from least to worst
Dermal Ingestion Inhalational Parenteral
70
Duration of Exposure: ACUTE
<24 hrs
71
Duration of Exposure: SUBACUTE
< 1 month
72
Duration of Exposure: SUBCHRONIC
1 - 3 months
73
Duration of Exposure: CHRONIC
> 3 yrs
74
Acute poisoning includes the ff., EXCEPT: I. Ingestion of excessive single doses II. Ingestion of small doses but frequent III. Ingestion of several small doses at long intervals IV. Ingestion of strong poison
III. Ingestion of several small doses at long intervals
75
What is the typical duration of exposure for acute poisoning through the inhalational route? A. 12 hours B. 6 hours C. 8 hours D. 4 hours
D. 4 hours
76
Naturally-occurring Produced by living organisms
Toxin
77
Man made Industrial wastes, pesticides, etc.
Toxicant
78
Ability or potential of an agent to cause harm
Hazard
79
Likelihood of harm to occur due to the hazard
Risk
80
Phenomenon wherein continual consumption of a contaminant exceeds the capacity of a species to eliminate the said substance
BIOACCUMULATION
81
Phenomenon wherein the concentration of a contaminant increases as it passes up the food chain
BIOMAGNIFICATION/ BIOAMPLIFICATION
82
Accidental exposure
POISONING
83
Intentional exposure to excessive amount of a substance
OVERDOSAGE

PSMB - Toxi (3 decks)

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