Basic Concepts in Epidemiology

Question 0

4 stages in the natural history of disease

Answer 0

1 Susceptibility
2 Pre-symptomatic
3 Clinical disease
4 Disability or recovery

Question 1

Other term for pre-symptomatic stage

Answer 1

Stage of subclinical disease

Question 2

What is environment?

Answer 2

Environment is the aggregate of all external conditions and influence affecting the life and development of an organism, human behavior, and society.

Question 3

What are the different biologic aspects?

Answer 3

1 Biologic models
2 Routes of transmission
3 Incubation or induction period
4 Spectrum and variation in host response

Question 4

What features of agents determine the balance of health and disease?

Answer 4

Nature

Characteristics

Question 5

What is the other term for biologic model?

Answer 5

Ecologic model

Question 6

What makes up the outer portion of the wheel model of man-environment interactions?

Answer 6

Biological Environment
Social Environment
Physical Environment

Question 7

Code used which permits easy storage, retrieval, and analysis of data

Answer 7

Alphanumeric

Question 8

What is descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 8

It studies the characteristics of groups and of individuals.

It determines whether or not an association between an exposure and outcome exists.

Question 10

Two broad processes involved in epidemiologic reasoning

Answer 10

Descriptive epidemiology

Analytic epidemiology

Question 10

What is analytic epidemiology?

Answer 10

It determines if the association that exists between an exposure and a disease is causal.

Question 11

What is human ecology?

Answer 11

It is the knowledge of the relationships between man and the innumerable factors of his environment.

Question 13

What is the study of the relationship of organisms to each other and to all other aspects of the environment?

Answer 13

Ecology

Question 14

3 Environmental Factors

Answer 14

1 Biological environment
2 Social environment
3 Physical environment

Question 15

What determines the development of a disease?

Answer 15

Interaction of host factors and environmental factors

Question 16

Level of prevention of chronic diseases

Answer 16

Secondary prevention

Question 17

Applications of ecologic concepts in the control of disease

Answer 17

Awareness due to the recognition of the multifactorial nature of disease
Full knowledge of etiologic mechanisms is not necessary

Question 18

What is the stage of clinical disease?

Answer 18

It is the stage in which changes in the organs have occurred sufficiently to show signs and symptoms if the disease.

Question 19

How do you measure strength of association between an exposure and a disease?

Answer 19

1 relative risks
2 odds ratios
3 risk differences

Question 19

What is the scientific expression of biological wisdom?

Answer 19

Human ecology

Question 21

What are the factors that affect the development of disease?

Answer 21

Host/Intrinsic factors

Environmental/Extrinsic factors

Question 22

What is the significance of the biologic models in epidemiology?

Answer 22

The models allow intervention (and formulation of health policies to prevent the occurrence or progression of disease).

Question 23

Functioning and disability associated with health conditions

Answer 23

ICF

Question 24

What is the purpose of ICD?

Answer 24

It allows the systematic recording, analysis, interpretation, and comparison of mortality and morbidity data collected in different countries or areas at different times.

Question 25

Features of human host that affect the balance of health and disease

Answer 25

``` Age Race Sex Habits Customs Genetic factors Personality Defense mechanism ```

Question 29

It is the course of disease over time from onset to resolution, unaffected by treatment.

Answer 29

Natural history

Question 29

It is the imaginary dividing line above which disease manifests itself by signs and symptoms.

Answer 29

Clinical horizon

Question 30

Public policies aimed at reducing the underlying reasons for the development of hazards

Answer 30

Primordial prevention

Question 31

What are the purposes of classifying diseases?

Answer 31

Better management of cases Epidemiologic studies Evaluation of intervention Internal comparisons

Question 33

All those diseases, morbid conditions or injuries which either resulted in or contributed to death and the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced any such injuries.

Answer 33

Cause of Death

Question 34

It depends upon the use to be made of the statistics to be compiled.

Answer 34

Choice of axis

Question 35

Aims of the two strategies of primary prevention

Answer 35

Population strategy - to reduce the average risk of the population High-risk individual - to protect susceptible persons

Question 36

Four host factors

Answer 36

1 Genetic make-up 2 Results of person's past environmental exposures 3 Personality 4 Social class membership

Question 36

It is the stage in which pathologic changes have started to occur

Answer 36

Stage of pre-symptomatic disease

Question 37

Two strategies of primary prevention

Answer 37

Population strategy | High-risk individual strategy

Question 39

What are risk factors?

Answer 39

Factors whose presence is associated with an increased probability that disease will develop later

Question 40

What is "underlying cause of death"?

Answer 40

1 the disease or injury which initiated the trend of morbid events leading directly to death 2 the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury

Question 41

Examples of disability limitation

Answer 41

Adequate treatment to arrest the disease process and to prevent further complications and sequelae Provision of facilities to limit disability and to prevent death

Question 44

Examples of rehabilitation

Answer 44

Provision of hospital and community facilities for retraining and education for maximum use of remaining capacities Education of the public and industry to utilize the rehabilitated As full employment as possible Selective placement Work therapy in hospitals Use of sheltered colony

Question 45

Stage in which the disease has not yet developed

Answer 45

Stage of susceptibility

Question 45

It refers to early detection and prompt treatment of disease.

Answer 45

Secondary prevention

Question 46

It consists of limitation of disability and rehabilitation where disease has already occurred and left residual damage.

Answer 46

Tertiary prevention

Question 46

Health conditions

Answer 46

ICD-10

Question 47

It provides a framework to code a wide range of information about health

Answer 47

International classification

Question 48

It is any temporary or long-term reduction of a person's activity as a result of an acute or chronic condition.

Answer 48

Disability

Question 48

Two major categories of primary level of disease prevention

Answer 48

General health promotion | Specific protection

Question 48

Energy conservation and use of clean energy resources

Answer 48

Primordial prevention

Question 49

It denotes an action taken to prevent the development of w disease in a person who is well and does not have the disease in question.

Answer 49

Primary prevention

Question 49

Headings used to classify data

Answer 49

Diagnosis Reason for admission Reason for consultation Conditions treated

Question 51

Steps in the epidemiologic study cycle

Answer 51

1 Descriptive studies (data aggregation and analysis) 2 Model building and formulation of hypothesis 3 Analytic studies to test hypothesis 4 Analysis of results may suggest further descriptive studies or new hypotheses

Question 52

What level of prevention does early treatment of persons with infectious diseases provide at the community level?

Answer 52

Secondary - infected individuals | Primary - potential contacts

Question 52

Bases of classification of disease

Answer 52

Symptoms Manifestations Etiology

Question 52

It is important for the development of rational prevention measures.

Answer 52

Etiologic classification

Question 53

``` General health promotion vs. specific protection Health education Immunization Environmental sanitation Good standard of nutrition Protection against occupational hazards Periodic selective examinations Avoidance of allergens Protection from accidents ```

Answer 53

``` General health promotion Specific protection Specific protection General health promotion Specific protection General health promotion Specific protection Specific protection ```