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Epidemiology > Basic Concepts in Epidemiology > Flashcards

Basic Concepts in Epidemiology Flashcards

0
Q

4 stages in the natural history of disease

A

1 Susceptibility
2 Pre-symptomatic
3 Clinical disease
4 Disability or recovery

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1
Q

Other term for pre-symptomatic stage

A

Stage of subclinical disease

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2
Q

What is environment?

A

Environment is the aggregate of all external conditions and influence affecting the life and development of an organism, human behavior, and society.

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3
Q

What are the different biologic aspects?

A

1 Biologic models
2 Routes of transmission
3 Incubation or induction period
4 Spectrum and variation in host response

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4
Q

What features of agents determine the balance of health and disease?

A

Nature

Characteristics

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5
Q

What is the other term for biologic model?

A

Ecologic model

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6
Q

What makes up the outer portion of the wheel model of man-environment interactions?

A

Biological Environment
Social Environment
Physical Environment

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7
Q

Code used which permits easy storage, retrieval, and analysis of data

A

Alphanumeric

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8
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

It studies the characteristics of groups and of individuals.

It determines whether or not an association between an exposure and outcome exists.

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10
Q

Two broad processes involved in epidemiologic reasoning

A

Descriptive epidemiology

Analytic epidemiology

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10
Q

What is analytic epidemiology?

A

It determines if the association that exists between an exposure and a disease is causal.

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11
Q

What is human ecology?

A

It is the knowledge of the relationships between man and the innumerable factors of his environment.

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13
Q

What is the study of the relationship of organisms to each other and to all other aspects of the environment?

A

Ecology

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14
Q

3 Environmental Factors

A

1 Biological environment
2 Social environment
3 Physical environment

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15
Q

What determines the development of a disease?

A

Interaction of host factors and environmental factors

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16
Q

Level of prevention of chronic diseases

A

Secondary prevention

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17
Q

Applications of ecologic concepts in the control of disease

A

Awareness due to the recognition of the multifactorial nature of disease
Full knowledge of etiologic mechanisms is not necessary

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18
Q

What is the stage of clinical disease?

A

It is the stage in which changes in the organs have occurred sufficiently to show signs and symptoms if the disease.

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19
Q

How do you measure strength of association between an exposure and a disease?

A

1 relative risks
2 odds ratios
3 risk differences

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19
Q

What is the scientific expression of biological wisdom?

A

Human ecology

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21
Q

What are the factors that affect the development of disease?

A

Host/Intrinsic factors

Environmental/Extrinsic factors

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22
Q

What is the significance of the biologic models in epidemiology?

A

The models allow intervention (and formulation of health policies to prevent the occurrence or progression of disease).

23
Q

Functioning and disability associated with health conditions

A

ICF

24
Q

What is the purpose of ICD?

A

It allows the systematic recording, analysis, interpretation, and comparison of mortality and morbidity data collected in different countries or areas at different times.

25
Q

Features of human host that affect the balance of health and disease

A 
Age
Race
Sex
Habits
Customs
Genetic factors
Personality
Defense mechanism
29
Q

It is the course of disease over time from onset to resolution, unaffected by treatment.

A

Natural history

29
Q

It is the imaginary dividing line above which disease manifests itself by signs and symptoms.

A

Clinical horizon

30
Q

Public policies aimed at reducing the underlying reasons for the development of hazards

A

Primordial prevention

31
Q

What are the purposes of classifying diseases?

A

Better management of cases
Epidemiologic studies
Evaluation of intervention
Internal comparisons

33
Q

All those diseases, morbid conditions or injuries which either resulted in or contributed to death and the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced any such injuries.

A

Cause of Death

34
Q

It depends upon the use to be made of the statistics to be compiled.

A

Choice of axis

35
Q

Aims of the two strategies of primary prevention

A

Population strategy - to reduce the average risk of the population
High-risk individual - to protect susceptible persons

36
Q

Four host factors

A

1 Genetic make-up
2 Results of person’s past environmental exposures
3 Personality
4 Social class membership

36
Q

It is the stage in which pathologic changes have started to occur

A

Stage of pre-symptomatic disease

37
Q

Two strategies of primary prevention

A

Population strategy

High-risk individual strategy

39
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Factors whose presence is associated with an increased probability that disease will develop later

40
Q

What is “underlying cause of death”?

A

1 the disease or injury which initiated the trend of morbid events leading directly to death
2 the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury

41
Q

Examples of disability limitation

A

Adequate treatment to arrest the disease process and to prevent further complications and sequelae
Provision of facilities to limit disability and to prevent death

44
Q

Examples of rehabilitation

A

Provision of hospital and community facilities for retraining and education for maximum use of remaining capacities
Education of the public and industry to utilize the rehabilitated
As full employment as possible
Selective placement
Work therapy in hospitals
Use of sheltered colony

45
Q

Stage in which the disease has not yet developed

A

Stage of susceptibility

45
Q

It refers to early detection and prompt treatment of disease.

A

Secondary prevention

46
Q

It consists of limitation of disability and rehabilitation where disease has already occurred and left residual damage.

A

Tertiary prevention

46
Q

Health conditions

A

ICD-10

47
Q

It provides a framework to code a wide range of information about health

A

International classification

48
Q

It is any temporary or long-term reduction of a person’s activity as a result of an acute or chronic condition.

A

Disability

48
Q

Two major categories of primary level of disease prevention

A

General health promotion

Specific protection

48
Q

Energy conservation and use of clean energy resources

A

Primordial prevention

49
Q

It denotes an action taken to prevent the development of w disease in a person who is well and does not have the disease in question.

A

Primary prevention

49
Q

Headings used to classify data

A

Diagnosis
Reason for admission
Reason for consultation
Conditions treated

51
Q

Steps in the epidemiologic study cycle

A

1 Descriptive studies (data aggregation and analysis)
2 Model building and formulation of hypothesis
3 Analytic studies to test hypothesis
4 Analysis of results may suggest further descriptive studies or new hypotheses

52
Q

What level of prevention does early treatment of persons with infectious diseases provide at the community level?

A

Secondary - infected individuals

Primary - potential contacts

52
Q

Bases of classification of disease

A

Symptoms
Manifestations
Etiology

52
Q

It is important for the development of rational prevention measures.

A

Etiologic classification

53
Q 
General health promotion vs. specific protection
Health education
Immunization
Environmental sanitation
Good standard of nutrition
Protection against occupational hazards
Periodic selective examinations
Avoidance of allergens
Protection from accidents
A 
General health promotion
Specific protection
Specific protection
General health promotion
Specific protection
General health promotion
Specific protection
Specific protection

Epidemiology (6 decks)

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