Basic concepts and hydrocarbons Flashcards
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Atoms are joined by straight chains or branched chains
alicyclic hydrocarbons
carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure but is not aromatic
aromatic hydrocarbon
At least one benzene ring on the structure
structural isomer
same molecular formula but different structural formula
stereoisomer
Same molecular and structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
E/Z isomerism
isomerism cause by restricted rotation around the double bond
Cis-trans isomerism
type of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to the carbon atoms of the c=c bond are the same.
Trans-E //// Cis-Z
homolytic fission
covalent bond breaks and pair of electrons goes to a different bonded atom. this produces two radicals.
heterolytic fission
when one bonding atom receives both lone electrons from the bonded pair
3 steps of radical substitution
initiation, propagation, termination
bonding in alkenes
sigma bond formed between two carbons by direct overlap of electron clouds.
Pi-bond is formed by the electrons in the adjacent p-orbitals overlapping above and below the carbon atoms.
Hydrogenation
Hydrogen is added across the double bond at 150 Celcius and a nickel catalyst.
Halogenation
Halogen is added across the c=c double bond
Hydration
reaction between a gaseous alkene and steam. It is used to make alcohol.
Different carbocations
Primary is the least stable and tertiary is the highest in stability
